1. A New Evaluation Method for Lumbar Spinal Instability: Passive Lumbar Extension Test by Yuichi Kasai, Koichiro Morishita, Eiji Kawakita, Tetsushi Kondo, and Atsumasa Uchida ptjournal Volume 86(12):1661-1667 November 30, 2006 Physical Therapy

2. The end-plate angle was defined as the angle generated by 1 line drawn from the inferior margin of the superior vertebral body and another line drawn from the superior margin of the inferior vertebral body. Yuichi Kasai et al. PHYS THER 2006;86:1661-1667 Physical Therapy

3. Translation was calculated according to the method of Stokes and Frymoyer20; the distance between the 2 arrows was measured, the end-plate angle was obtained from 2 lines drawn from the posterior margins of the superior and inferior vertebral bodies, and then the end-plate angle bisector was drawn. Yuichi Kasai et al. PHYS THER 2006;86:1661-1667 Physical Therapy

4. Clinical Data for Lumbar Spinal Instability-Positive and Lumbar Spinal Instability-Negative Groupsa. Yuichi Kasai et al. PHYS THER 2006;86:1661-1667 Physical Therapy

5. Passive lumbar extension test. Yuichi Kasai et al. PHYS THER 2006;86:1661-1667 Physical Therapy

6. Data from Passive Lumbar Extension (PLE) Test and Instability Catch Sign, Painful Catch Sign, and Apprehension Sign Tests. Yuichi Kasai et al. PHYS THER 2006;86:1661-1667 Physical Therapy

7. Sensitivity, Specificity, Predictive Values, and Likelihood Ratios of Each Test for Lumbar Spinal Instability. Yuichi Kasai et al. PHYS THER 2006;86:1661-1667 Physical Therapy