1. MODULE 1 Lumbar Spine

2. History, persistent history, PM history, family history Chief Complaint – O, P, P, Q, R, S, T Physical examination – orthopedic, neurological Differential diagnosis Tests to limit differential diagnosis INTRODUCTION When to x-ray

3. Risks versus benefits ratio Cost versus benefit ratio When differential diagnosis includes something to: > rule in, rule out or > monitor a known condition by x-ray Who gets x-ray

4. Shoot Series

5. ABC’S Technical evaluation Search pattern

6. Normal Anatomy

7. Mensuration Lumbar spine Disc height Hurxthal - measures mid point of each endplate >easy >can’t account for extension or flexion malposition >distance

9. Farfan Anterior height ratio (AHR) = Anterior height Diameter Posterior height ratio (PHR) = Posterior height Diameter DH = AHR PHR More complex posterior anterior Research use height Dheight

11. Both Measurements Great variation exists Rotation >40 o or lateral flexion >20 o leads to unreliable results

12. Decrease disc height causes Degeneration Surgery (i.e. discectomy) Chemonucleolysis Infection Congenital hypoplasia

13. Poor correlation between loss of disc height and pain.

14. IVD Angles Lines tangential to the endplates extend until intersection Measuring angle Little predictability Alterations may occur >Antalgia >Muscle imbalance >Poor posture >Early DJD >Facet syndrome may increase angle >Disc herniation may decrease angle

16. Lumbar Lordosis Top of L1 and S1 used or bottom of L5 Draw perpendicular to tangential lines Measure angle of intersection Great variety 50 o -60 o average

18. Lumbosacral lordosis angle and sacral inclination not useful.

19. Lumbosacral Angle (Sacral base angle, Ferguson’s angle) Tangential sacral base Horizontal line Measure angle of intersection 41 o +/- 7 o >It has been suggested that increased angle leads to increased shearing and compressive forces at the facets >No increase in anterolisthesis noted

20. Static Vertebral Malpositions Flexion Extension Lateral flexion Rotation Anterolisthesis Retrolisthesis Laterolisthesis

22. Lumbar Gravity Line (Ferguson’s, weight bearing, Ferguson’s gravity) Center of L3 Plumb line Should intersect anterior sacral margin +/- 10mm

24. McNab’s Line High number’s of asymptomatic patients make this line’s usefulness doubtful Was originally used on recumbent films weight bearing may alter utility

26. Hadley’s Curve AP and obliques views used Interuption of the line may indicate: >Rostral/caudal migration >Extension malposition >Rotational malposition

29. VanAkkerveeken and flexion and extension have been largely replaced by the more sensitive comp/distraction study.

30. Lateral Bending Study May suggest ligament laxity and/or muscle spasm Poor correlation between this and clinical picture

32. Meyerding Replaced by the more useful percentage method Anteriority  sacral base length = % of antero

34. Ullmann’s Line Tangential to sacral base Perpendicular to and coincide with anterior sacral prominence L5 should be at or posterior to line, if anterior, it represents anterolisthesis Note: decreased lordosis may produce false positive

36. Interpediculate Distribution and Eisenstein’s and canal body ratio (unreliable) measure for central canal stenosis Small numbers are suggestive only CT, MR for definitive diagnosis