1. Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 1 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube Patrick Berghaus IceCube University of Wisconsin, Madison

2. Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 2 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 IceCube Collaboration USA: Bartol Research Institute, Delaware Univ. of Alabama Pennsylvania State University UC Berkeley UC Irvine Clark-Atlanta University Univ. of Maryland IAS, Princeton University of Wisconsin-Madison University of Wisconsin-River Falls LBNL, Berkeley University of Kansas Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge Sweden: Uppsala Universitet Stockholm Universitet UK: Imperial College, London Oxford University Netherlands: Utrecht University Belgium: Vrije Universiteit Brussel Université Libre de Bruxelles Universiteit Gent Université de Mons-Hainaut Germany: Universität Mainz DESY-Zeuthen Universität Dortmund Universität Wuppertal Humboldt-Universität Berlin Universität Aachen Japan: Chiba University New Zealand: University of Canterbury

3. Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 3 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 IceCube: Components IceTop(Air Showers): ● 1km² instrumented ● 160 Water(Ice-)tanks with 2 DOMs Each Amanda: ● Ø=200m, h=500m (0.02 km³) ● Amanda B-10: ● 302 Optical Modules (OMs) on 10 Strings (97-99) ● Amanda II: 677 OMs on 19 Strings (from 2000) InIce: ● 1km x1 km² instrumented ● 4800 Digital Optical Modules (DOMs) on 80 strings ● 2007: 22 Strings deployed (“IC22”)

4. Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 4 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 2005: 1 string IceCube AMANDA-IISouth Pole

5. Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 5 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 2006: 9 strings IceCube AMANDA-IISouth Pole

6. Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 6 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 2007: 22 strings IceCube AMANDA-IISouth Pole

7. Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 7 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Basics P.Gorham ProductionReach

8. Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 8 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 (Potential) Neutrino Sources  tracks Energy AnalysisSource GeV - TeV Atmosph. WIMPs Atmosphere Earth, Sun TeV - PeV Diffuse Flux Point Sources GRB Outer Space PeV - EeV UHE AGN, Top. Defects … IceCube

9. Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 9 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Muon Tracks (100m-10km length) Angular Resolution~ 3° Energy Resolution0.3 – 0.4[log 10 (E/TeV)] Coverage 2   srad (North) Energy Range ~ 50 GeV to 100 PeV Neutrino Events (AMANDA) Event Rate: ~ 80 Hz NC, e /   CC cascades (length: few meters) Angular Resolution 30 - 40° Energy Resolution0.1 – 0.2[log 10 (E/TeV)] Coverage4   srad Energy Range ~ 50 TeV to 100 PeV

10. Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 10 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Events SN ~10 3 Events /Year ~10 9 Events /Year Several Events /Year? IceCube 9-string muon neutrino candidate

11. Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 11 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Diffuse Flux ● Atmospheric neutrino flux follows E ν -3.7 ● Search for extra-galactic contribution – AGN (1) (Becker/Biermann/ Rhode) – AGN (3 and 4) (Mannheim/Protheroe/ Rachen) – GRBs (2) (Waxman/Bahcall) Source: K. Muenich, U Dortmund

12. Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 12 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Atmospheric Neutrino Spectrum Source: K. Muenich, U Dortmund diffuse analysis ● Unfolded Energy Spectrum ● Consistent with Theory ● Only actual AMANDA/IceCube neutrino source (so far)!

13. Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 13 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Diffuse Flux Limit Source: J. Hodges, PhD thesis Latest Result (4-year AMANDA) astro-ph/0705.1315 Accepted by PRD

14. Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 14 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 WIMPs (Neutralinos)

15. Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 15 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 WIMPs (Neutralinos)

16. Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 16 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 GRB (Method) 10 min Blinded Window -1 hour +1 hour

17. Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 17 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 GRB (Limit) (slowly) approaching WB Flux astro-ph/0702265

18. Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 18 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Point Source Search

19. Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 19 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Leptonic vs. Hadronic Photons from Electron/ Photon Scattering leptonic hadronic VHE-Gamma astronomy Neutrino astronomy W. Hofmann, MPI-K

20. Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 20 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Data Set (AMANDA II) = 2.25 ° - 3.75° Off-Source On-Source 2000-2004 data set 4282 Events Neutrino-Data Set: MC (atm. ): 3627 – 4912 Events 1001 Days (effective) Source: M. Ackermann, DESY Zeuthen

21. Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 21 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Significance 2000-2004 Significance /  Strongest Fluctuation: 3.7  12.6 h, +4.5 deg Random events 69 of 100 Sky maps with random events have a higher value than 3.7  Source: M. Ackermann, DESY Zeuthen

22. Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 22 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Flux Limit (2000-2004) ● 90% CL upper flux limit in 0.5-degree bins for the northern hemisphere Source: M. Ackermann, DESY Zeuthen

23. Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 23 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Specific Sources 1.02 0.51 0.68 0.77 0.74 0.27 1.00 0.49 0.78 0.85 0.42             0.890.155 / 6.00Cassiopeia A 0.84 0.50 0.39 0.28 0.06 0.98 0.25 0.29 0.51 0.13 Excess parameter -log10 P 1.265 / 4.81LSI +61 303 1.328 / 7.01Cygnus X-1 1.355 / 4.771ES1959+650 0.876 / 6.08M87 1.478 / 6.39Markarian501 1.808 / 4.723C273 0.484 / 6.14SS433 1.7810 / 6.74Crab Nebula 1.187 / 6.48Cygnus X-3 0.746 / 7.37Markarian 421 Flux upper limit (15% sys, 7% stat)  0 @ 90% CL [10 -7 GeV cm -2 s -1 ] for  =  0 E -2 Events observed/ background (2000-2004) Source ● 32 sources selected to reduce trial factor ● No indication for neutrino point sources AGNAGN Microquasa r SN R

24. Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 24 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Crab Nebula ● Guetta & Amato: Rescaling of gamma ray flux (N,exp =0.16) ● Bednarek & Protheroe: Heavy nuclei accelerated in outer gap (N,exp =0.08) ● Bednarek: Time evolution of pulsar wind nebula (N,exp =0.03) ● Link & Burgio: Ions accelerated near pulsar surface (N,exp =1.2) M.Ackermann, PhD thesis

25. Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 25 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 GeV-AGN ● Neronov and Semikoz: Model for “typical GeV loud Blazar”, p  -interaction in the AGN core N,exp = 0.04 - 1.1 (QSO 0528+134) N,exp = 0.006 – 0.14 (QSO 0954+556) variation of beaming angle for  emission M.Ackermann, PhD thesis

26. Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 26 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Markarian 421 ● Muecke et al.: Model of Markarian 421 as High frequency peaked BLLac in the Proton Synchrotron Blazar model (N,exp ~ 0 ) M.Ackermann, PhD thesis

27. Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 27 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Unbinned Search ● Uses likelihood parameter to assess resolution and probability of event to be a neutrino ● Significant improvement over binned method Source: J. Braun, ICRC 2007 Detection Probability Flux Limit

28. Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 28 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Unbinned Search 69 out of 100 sky maps randomized in RA contain an excess of at least 3.6  Largest Excess: 3.6   =48 o,  =2.75h Log 10 (p- value) Source: J. Braun, ICRC 2007 2005 AMANDA

29. Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 29 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 AMANDA B10 (97-99) ● Completes AMANDA Point Source Analyses ● 45% of random skies have higher excess Highest Excess: DEC: +71.16deg RA: 3h 44min

30. Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 30 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 “Stacking”- Analysis ● Search for excess of events by summing over potential sources of same type ● Assumption: Neutrino Flux is proportional to electromagnetic luminosity ● Photon wavelength depends on type of source (radio, IR, optical, x-ray) ● For most classes fewer events than expected from pure background 11 17 1 8 5 22 8 8 3 11 N src 1.3Radio-weak sources 3.5FR-II Galaxies 0.43FR-I Galaxies (no M87) 0.54FR-I Galaxies 0.57GPS and CSS 0.69TeV Blazars 3.2Uni. GeV sources 0.32GeV Blazars 1.2IR Blazars 0.59keV Blazars (HEAO-A) 0.63keV Blazars (ROSAT) Limit Source class [10 -7 GeV cm -2 s -1] (E -2 -Spectrum) A. Gross, Ph.D thesis, University of Dortmund Achterberg et al., “On the selection of AGN …”, Accepted by Astropart. Phys.

31. Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 31 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Time-dependent Analysis ● Search for events during periods of enhanced neutrino emission ● Criteria: Information from electromagnetic measurements and theoretical models ● Information used already: ● X-ray flux from RXTE for Blazars ● TeV flux from Cherenkov telescopes ● Radio emission for Microquasars Markarian 421, X-ray data (2000-2003) 1.37 1.59 1.63 Expected backgr. in high state 2114 daysRyle Telesc.Cygnus X-3 2283 daysASM/RXTE1ES1959+650 0141 daysASM/RXTEMarkarian 421 Nr. of events in high state Livetime in periods of high activity EM light curve source Source E. Resconi, MPI-K

32. Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 32 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Sliding Window 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 Number of pairs 0.5240 daysQSO 0235+164 Close to 140 daysQSO 0528+134 0.4340 days3EG J1227+4302 0.3220 daysGRS 1915+105 0.4740 days3EG J0450+1105 0.3520 days3EG J1928+1733 Close to 120 days3EG J1828+1928 Close to 120 daysGRO J0422+32 Close to 120 daysCygnus X-1 Close to 120 daysCygnus X-3 0.3440 days1ES1959+650 Close to 140 daysMarkarian 421 Probabilitytime frame Source events time sliding window Search for pairs of events during certain time frame (20/40 days)

33. Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 33 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 IceCube/MAGIC Target of Opportunity ● Coincidence of neutrino events in IceCube with heightened VHE gamma emission ● 5 Sources (3 Blazars, 2 Microquasars) ● Thresholds chosen to have 2-3 “alerts” per month ● Initiative of the DESY-Zeuthen Group (E. Bernardini) ● Test run finished, regular run may commence soon

34. Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 34 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Point Source Summary average flux upper limit [cm -2 s -1 ] sin   AMANDA-B10 (first analyses) AMANDA-II 6 Months 80-String IceCube (Estimate) AMANDA Total (Estimate) 2000-04 B-10 Combined 1997-99 E. Bernardini, DESY Zeuthen

35. Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 35 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 On to IceCube! Effective AreaFlux Limit

36. Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 36 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Integrated Exposure Cumulative values Construction finished by 2011 1 km 3 year by 2009 now

37. Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 37 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 IceCube (9-string) cosmic ray muons atmos. neutrinos Achterberg et al. astro-ph/0705.1781 First IceCube analyses: ● Point Sources ● Atm. Neutrinos

38. Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 38 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Atmospheric Neutrinos Residual muons near horizon Agreement with simulation Source: J. Pretz, UMD PRD76, 027101 (2007)

39. Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 39 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Point Source Search Flux limit: 1 year IceCube 9-string about same as 1 year AMANDA 60% of random skies have higher maximum significance Source: C. Finley, UW PRD76, 027101 (2007)

40. Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 40 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Effective Area Comparison IceCube 9-string AMANDA AMANDA: better at low energies IceCube: 9 strings already factor of 3 better at high energies! Source: C. Finley, UW

41. Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 41 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 What Else? ● CR composition ● Charm Physics ● EHE/UHE ● GZK neutrinos ● Kaluza-Klein DM ● Neutrino oscillations ● Lorentz invariance ● Extra dimensions ● Magnetic monopoles ● SN monitoring ●...

42. Patrick Berghaus University of Wisconsin, Madison 42 Status and Results from AMANDA/IceCube JENAM Yerevan, August 2007 Conclusion ● No confirmed (extraterrestrial) sources yet ● But we are working on it!