1. Neutrino Astronomy at the South Pole David Boersma UW Madison Lake Louise Winter Institute Chicago, 23 February 2006

2. 23 February 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 20062 IceCube Collaboration IceCube Collaboration Universität Wuppertal, Germany MPI Heidelberg Uppsala university, Sweden Stockholm university, Sweden Imperial College, London, UK Oxford university, UK Utrecht University, Netherlands Universität Wuppertal, Germany MPI Heidelberg Uppsala university, Sweden Stockholm university, Sweden Imperial College, London, UK Oxford university, UK Utrecht University, Netherlands Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium Université de Gent, Belgium Université de Mons-Hainaut, Belgium Universität Mainz, Germany Humboldt Universität, Germany DESY-Zeuthen, Germany Universität Dortmund, Germany Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium Université de Gent, Belgium Université de Mons-Hainaut, Belgium Universität Mainz, Germany Humboldt Universität, Germany DESY-Zeuthen, Germany Universität Dortmund, Germany Alabama University, USA University of Alaska, Anchorage, USA Bartol Research Institute, Delaware, USA Pennsylvania State University, USA UC Berkeley, USA UC Irvine, USA Clark-Atlanta University, USA University of Maryland, USA IAS, Princeton, USA University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA University of Wisconsin, River Falls, USA LBNL, Berkeley, USA University of Kansas, USA Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, USA Alabama University, USA University of Alaska, Anchorage, USA Bartol Research Institute, Delaware, USA Pennsylvania State University, USA UC Berkeley, USA UC Irvine, USA Clark-Atlanta University, USA University of Maryland, USA IAS, Princeton, USA University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA University of Wisconsin, River Falls, USA LBNL, Berkeley, USA University of Kansas, USA Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, USA USA (14) Europe (15) Japan New Zealand ANTARCTICA Chiba University, Japan University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand Chiba University, Japan University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand

3. 23 February 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 20063 Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station Population: Austral Summer: ~240 people Austral Winter: ~60 people South Pole Dome Summer camp AMANDA road to work 1500 m 2000 m [not to scale] IceCube ANTARTICA

4. 23 February 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 20064 Cosmic Ray Spectrum ?

5. 23 February 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 20065 High Energy neutrinos Neglecting  absorption (uncertain)    Targets: p or ambient  Beam-dump model:  0   -astronomy  ±  -astronomy Berezinsky et al, 1985 Gaisser, Stanev, 1985

6. 23 February 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 20066 Neutrino Detection μ νμνμ νμνμ μ XX’ W Angle(ν μ,μ) ≈ 1° (at E=1TeV) Detected energy deposit by muon gives lower limit for energy of neutrino

7. 23 February 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 20067 Neutrino Detection ν e,τ NX W e,τ ν μ,e,τ NX Z

8. 23 February 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 20068AMANDA AMANDA-II (2000 – 200x) 677 OMs on 19 strings677 OMs on 19 strings 200m, 500m tallØ 200m, 500m tall Trigger rate 80 HzTrigger rate 80 Hz Since 2003: TWRSince 2003: TWR AMANDA-B10 (1997-1999) 302 OMs on 10 strings Ø 120m, 500m tall DAQ: TDC/ADC (surface) AMANDA-A (1996)

9. 23 February 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 20069 AMANDA research topics Steady sources of neutrinos Steady sources of neutrinos Point sources (e.g. AGNs) Point sources (e.g. AGNs) Diffuse flux (with muons) Diffuse flux (with muons) Diffuse flux (with cascades) Diffuse flux (with cascades) Atmosphere (cosmic rays) Atmosphere (cosmic rays) Gravitationally trapped WIMPs Gravitationally trapped WIMPs Exotics: e.g. magnetic monopoles Exotics: e.g. magnetic monopoles Search for sources with time variability Search for sources with time variability GRBs GRBs Supernova explosions Supernova explosions Flarers from e.g. AGNs, magnetars Flarers from e.g. AGNs, magnetars

10. 23 February 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 200610 Point source search Combined data from 2000-2003 (livetime 807 days) 3329 (upward going) neutrino events Highest excess: 3.4 sigma (chance probability: 92%) Crab nebula: 10 events, =5.4 (chance probability with 33 source candidates: 64%)

11. 23 February 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 200611 Atmospheric Muons & Neutrinos E deposited N ch Get E ν and E μ through unfolding

12. 23 February 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 200612 WIMPs from the Sun  ν l χ + χ → ν + ν (+…)

13. 23 February 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 200613 Limits on muon flux from Earth center Limits on muon flux from Sun WIMP search in AMANDA Submitted for publication Published in Astrpart. Phys. Disfavored by direct search (CDMS II)

14. 23 February 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 200614 Let’s build a bigger one: IceCube In-Ice Array: Number of strings:80 (9) Optical Sensors:4800 (540) Depth:1450-2450m Instr. Volume:0.9 km 3 Angular Resolution:0.6° Surface Array (IceTop): 160 (32) tanks (2 per in-ice string) 2 DOMs per tank Total 320 DOMs (64) Construction: 2004-2010 (status February 2006)

15. 23 February 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 200615 main board LED flasher board PMT base 25 cm PMT 33 cm Benthosphere

16. 23 February 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 200616 High Energy muons E μ = 6 PeV

17. 23 February 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 200617 Contained High Energy Shower E = 375 TeV

18. 23 February 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 200618 High Energy Tau (double bang) E ≈ 10 PeV

19. 23 February 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 200619 Ice is a quiet detection medium (compare: expected ~60kHz per OM in ANTARES)

20. 23 February 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 200620 First IceTop-IceCube coincidence event

21. 23 February 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 200621 Conclusions & Outlook AMANDA showed the feasibility of High Energy Neutrino astronomy with ice as the detection medium. AMANDA showed the feasibility of High Energy Neutrino astronomy with ice as the detection medium. IceCube will be the coolest neutrino telescope on Earth. IceCube will be the coolest neutrino telescope on Earth. Maybe extended with acoustic detectors (extension to EHE) Maybe extended with acoustic detectors (extension to EHE)

22. 23 February 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 200622 Extra Material Specs AMANDA (resolution etc.) Specs AMANDA (resolution etc.) IceTop IceTop GRB GRB Deployment Deployment Flasher Flasher

23. 23 February 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 200623 time recorded on OM AMANDA-II μ tracks pointing error :1.5º - 2.5º σ[log 10 (E μ /TeV)]:0.3 - 0.4 coverage:2π Cascades (particle showers) pointing error:30º - 40º σ[log 10 (E c /TeV)]:0.1 - 0.2 coverage:4π cosmic rays (+SPASE) combined pointing err : < 0.5º σ[log 10 (E p /TeV)]:0.06 - 0.1 Nucl. Inst. Meth. A 524, 169 (2004) energy deposited in OM

24. 23 February 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 200624

25. 23 February 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 200625 IceTop

26. 23 February 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 200626 27.1, 10:08: Reached maximum depth of 2517 m 28.1, 7:00: preparations for string installation start 9:15: Started installation of the first DOM 22:36: last DOM installed 12 min/DOM 22:48: Start drop 29.1, 1:31: String secured at depth of 2450.80 20:40: First communication to DOM IceCube’s First String: January 28, 2005

27. 23 February 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 200627 All 60 DOMs