1. Ecology

2. WHAT IS ECOLOGY? Ecology- the scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environments, focusing on energy transfer Ecology is a science of relationships

3. WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY ENVIRONMENT? The environment is made up of two factors: Biotic factors- all living organisms inhabiting the Earth Abiotic factors- nonliving parts of the environment (i.e. temperature, soil, light, moisture, air currents)

4. Organism Population Community Biosphere Ecosystem

5. Organism - any unicellular or multicellular form exhibiting all of the characteristics of life, an individual. The lowest level of organization

6. POPULATION a group of organisms of one species living in the same place at the same time that interbreed Produce fertile offspring Compete with each other for resources (food, mates, shelter, etc.)

7. Community - several interacting populations that inhabit a common environment and are interdependent.

8. Ecosystem - populations in a community and the abiotic factors with which they interact (ex. marine, terrestrial)

9. I can give the characteristics of various biomes (desert, grassland, tundra, and coniferous forest). (3a) 1. A biome is a large group of ecosystems with similar climates and organisms. a. The amount of precipitation (rain, snow, sleet) that an area receives and the temperature of the area determine the biome of the area. b. These abiotic factors determine the type of plants that can live in the area which determines the animals that can live in the area.

10. I can give the characteristics of various biomes (desert, grassland, tundra, and coniferous forest). (3a) 2. Desert a. Extremely dry, often very hot, large temperature variation b. Temperature variation is how much the temperature changes between night and day.

11. I can give the characteristics of various biomes (desert, grassland, tundra, and coniferous forest). (3a) 3. Grassland a. Moderate to high temperatures, some precipitation.

12. I can give the characteristics of various biomes (desert, grassland, tundra, and coniferous forest). (3a) 4. Tundra a. Extremely cold in the winter with slightly warmer temperatures in the summer, very little precipitation. b. Similar to a desert but very cold.

13. I can give the characteristics of various biomes (desert, grassland, tundra, and coniferous forest). (3a) 5. Coniferous Forest a. Very cold winters and cool summers. Moderate amount of rain and snow.

14. I can give the characteristics of various biomes (tropical rain forest, temperate deciduous forest, marine, and freshwater) (3a) 6. Tropical Rainforest a. Warm temperatures and lots of precipitation all year round. b. Located near the equator.

15. I can give the characteristics of various biomes (tropical rain forest, temperate deciduous forest, marine, and freshwater) (3a) 7. Temperate Deciduous Forest a. Four seasons with a with a large temperature variation over the year. Moderate rain. Similar to coniferous forest but warmer. b. Trees lose leaves in deciduous forests while trees in coniferous forests do not. c. The forests of the southeastern United States are deciduous.

16. I can give the characteristics of various biomes (tropical rain forest, temperate deciduous forest, marine, and freshwater) (3a) 8. Marine a. Salt water body with many different names including ocean, bay, estuary, and marsh. 9. Freshwater –Streams, rivers, springs, ponds, bayous, and lakes

17. Biosphere - life supporting portions of Earth composed of air, land, fresh water, and salt water. The highest level of organization

18. Habitat vs. Niche Niche - the role a species plays in a community; its total way of life Habitat- the place in which an organism lives out its life

19. Habitat vs. Niche A niche is determined by the tolerance limitations of an organism, or a limiting factor. Limiting factor- any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence of organisms in a specific environment.

20. Examples of limiting factors - Amount of water Amount of food Temperature Amount of space Availability of mates Habitat vs. Niche

21. What is EVOLUTION 1. When the traits of a species to change over time = evolution 2. Explanation for why evolution occurs = natural selection

22. a. Created by Charles Darwin. b. Natural selection occurs when an environment changes. c. The organisms that have adaptations that help them survive the changes are most likely to survive and reproduce. d. Nature “selects” the organisms that are best adapted.

23. 3. Natural selection can cause evolution because within a species, members of the species are not exactly alike and have differences in their traits = variations 4. Natural selection can lead to formation of a new species. The new species cannot reproduce with the old species.

24. I can identify and explain beneficial adaptations for various biomes (desert, grassland, tundra, and coniferous forest). (3a) 1. Any characteristic that helps an organism survive in its environment = adaptation a. Three different types of adaptations: structural, behavioral, and physiological b. Structural: useful body structures or appearance

25. I can identify and explain beneficial adaptations for various biomes (desert, grassland, tundra, and coniferous forest). (3a) c. Behavioral: helpful behaviors that an organism automatically knows how to do when it is born. d. Physiological: body functions that help an organism to survive in its environment.

26. a. Camouflage – organisms are colored or shaped to match their environment so they can avoid predators. Color can change as the environment changes. b. Mouth and teeth shape – sharp teeth to eat meat, flat teeth to chew plants, different shaped beaks for different insects and flowers.

27. 1. Adaptations for Tropical Rainforests a. Large leaves can capture more sunlight and water. 2. Adaptations for Deciduous Forests a. Forests are usually only made up of one or two different species of trees. 3. Adaptations for Marine and Freshwater a. Oily skin, fur, feathers, or leaves can act as waterproofing to help an organism live in a wet

28. 4. Adaptations for Deserts a.Animals often have scales and are nocturnal (active at night) to help them conserve water. Some have large ears that allows them to release excess heat. 5. Adaptations for Grasslands a. Similar to deserts because of the low water and high temperature characteristics.

29. 6. Adaptations for Coniferous Forest (Taiga) a. Similar to tundra though larger plants and more animals are found. b. Trees have needles because they do not catch snow. c. The needles stay attached all year because they do not need to use energy and resources to regrow.

30. 5. If no members of the species have variations that allow them to survive in a changed environment, the species can permanently die out = extinction

31. Feeding Relationships There are 3 main types of feeding relationships 1. Producer - Consumer 2. Predator - Prey 3. Parasite - Host

32. Feeding Relationships Producer- all autotrophs (plants), they trap energy from the sun Bottom of the food chain

33. Feeding Relationships Consumer - all heterotrophs: they ingest food containing the sun’s energy  Herbivores  Carnivores  Omnivores  Decomposers

34. Feeding Relationships CONSUMERS 1.Primary consumers Eat plants Herbivores Secondary, tertiary … consumers Prey animals Carnivores

35. Feeding Relationships Consumer-Carnivores-eat meat Predators –Hunt prey animals for food.

36. Feeding Relationships Consumer- Carnivores- eat meat Scavengers –Feed on carrion, dead animals

37. Feeding Relationships Consumer- Omnivores -eat both plants and animals

38. Feeding Relationships Consumer- Decomposers Breakdown the complex compounds of dead and decaying plants and animals into simpler molecules that can be absorbed

39. Symbiotic Relationships Symbiosis- two species living together 3 Types of symbiosis: 1. Commensalism 2. Parasitism 3. Mutualism

40. Symbiotic Relationships Commensalism- one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped Ex. orchids on a tree Epiphytes: A plant, such as a tropical orchid or a bromeliad, that grows on another plant upon which it depends for mechanical support but not for nutrients. Also called xerophyte, air plant.

41. Symbiotic Relationships Parasitism- one species benefits (parasite) and the other is harmed (host) Parasite-Host relationship

42. Symbiotic Relationships Mutualism- beneficial to both species Ex. cleaning birds and cleaner shrimp

44. Type of relationship Species harmed Species benefits Species neutral Commensalism Parasitism Mutualism = 1 species

45. Trophic Levels Each link in a food chain is known as a trophic level. Trophic levels represent a feeding step in the transfer of energy and matter in an ecosystem.

46. Trophic Levels Biomass- the amount of organic matter comprising a group of organisms in a habitat. As you move up a food chain, both available energy and biomass decrease. Energy is transferred upwards but is diminished with each transfer.

47. Trophic Levels Producers- Autotrophs Primary consumers- Herbivores Secondary consumers- small carnivores Tertiary consumers- top carnivores ENERGYENERGY

49. Trophic Levels Food chain- simple model that shows how matter and energy move through an ecosystem

51. Trophic Levels Food web- shows all possible feeding relationships in a community at each trophic level Represents a network of interconnected food chains

52. Food chainFood web (just 1 path of energy) (all possible energy paths)

57. Nutrient Cycles Cycling maintains homeostasis (balance) in the environment. 3 cycles to investigate: 1. Water cycle 2. Carbon cycle 3. Nitrogen cycle

58. Water cycle- Evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation

59. Water cycle-

60. Carbon cycle- Photosynthesis and respiration cycle carbon and oxygen through the environment.

61. Carbon cycle-

62. Nitrogen cycle- Atmospheric nitrogen (N 2 ) makes up nearly 78%-80% of air. Organisms can not use it in that form. Lightning and bacteria convert nitrogen into usable forms.

63. Nitrogen cycle- Only in certain bacteria and industrial technologies can fix nitrogen. Nitrogen fixation-convert atmospheric nitrogen (N 2 ) into ammonium (NH 4 + ) which can be used to make organic compounds like amino acids. N 2 NH 4 +

64. Nitrogen cycle- Nitrogen-fixing bacteria: Some live in a symbiotic relationship with plants of the legume family (e.g., soybeans, clover, peanuts).

65. Nitrogen cycle- Some nitrogen-fixing bacteria live free in the soil. Nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria are essential to maintaining the fertility of semi-aquatic environments like rice paddies.

67. Atmospheric nitrogen Lightning Nitrogen fixing bacteria Ammonium Nitrification by bacteria NitritesNitrates Denitrification by bacteria Plants Animals Decomposers Nitrogen Cycle

68. Toxins in food chains- While energy decreases as it moves up the food chain, toxins increase in potency. This is called biological magnification Ex: DDT & Bald Eagles