1. DAARA Sarf 11 الصرف الدرس الاول

2. DAARA Sarf 12 علم الصرف الصرف is the science of Classical Arabic that deals with: الصرف is the science of Classical Arabic that deals with: 1. patterns of roots

3. DAARA Sarf 13 The Arabic Alphabet In the Arabic language we have 29 letters and they are all consonants. In the Arabic language we have 29 letters and they are all consonants. ا ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ك ل م ن ه و ي ء The short vowels are not considered separate letters and therefore are not part of the alphabet. The short vowels are not considered separate letters and therefore are not part of the alphabet.

4. DAARA Sarf 14 Short Vowels حركات ضَمَّة : ُ - corresponds to a short ‘o’ or ‘u’ in English. A letter that has a ضَمَّة over it is said to be مَضموم ضَمَّة : ُ - corresponds to a short ‘o’ or ‘u’ in English. A letter that has a ضَمَّة over it is said to be مَضموم فَتحَة : َ - corresponds to a short ‘a’ in English. A letter that has a فَتحَة over it is said to be مَفتوح فَتحَة : َ - corresponds to a short ‘a’ in English. A letter that has a فَتحَة over it is said to be مَفتوح كَسرَة : ِ - corresponds to a short ‘e’ or ‘i’ in English. A letter that has a كَسرَة under it is said to be مَكسور كَسرَة : ِ - corresponds to a short ‘e’ or ‘i’ in English. A letter that has a كَسرَة under it is said to be مَكسور

5. DAARA Sarf 15 Absence of Vowels and Duplication The absence of vowel is called سُكون ( ْ ). If a letter is ساكن (i.e. has a سُكون on it), this would mean it is the final consonant in a syllable. The absence of vowel is called سُكون ( ْ ). If a letter is ساكن (i.e. has a سُكون on it), this would mean it is the final consonant in a syllable. Pronouncing of the letter twice, first with a ‘ سُكون ’, and then with a حركه, is called تَشدِِيد or شَدّه, and the letter is said to be مُشَدّد (e.g. the ب in تَبَّت is مُشَدَّد ). Pronouncing of the letter twice, first with a ‘ سُكون ’, and then with a حركه, is called تَشدِِيد or شَدّه, and the letter is said to be مُشَدّد (e.g. the ب in تَبَّت is مُشَدَّد ).

6. DAARA Sarf 16 Aspects of Subject In all languages, verbs are conjugated to reflect three aspects of their subjects: In all languages, verbs are conjugated to reflect three aspects of their subjects: Gender — Masculine or Feminine Gender — Masculine or Feminine Plurality — Singular, Dual (unlike English, Arabic also has separate forms to indicate Duality) and Plural (3 or more), and … Plurality — Singular, Dual (unlike English, Arabic also has separate forms to indicate Duality) and Plural (3 or more), and … Person — Third person, Second person and First person. Person — Third person, Second person and First person.

7. DAARA Sarf 17 Background اسم اسم جملة موصوف وصفة إضافة

8. DAARA Sarf 18 Which one is it? The Definite Article ال determines the meaning of the construction. The البيت الكبير A كلبٌ صغيرٌ Genitive سيارة الطالب Sentence البنت جميلة

9. DAARA Sarf 19 Conjugation Tables A great portion of Arabic Morphology is devoted to memorizing the tables that result from MULTIPLYING the three aspects mentioned above (i.e. gender, plurality, and person).

10. DAARA Sarf 110 Table of 14 Conjugations If EVERY subject needs to reflect gender, plurality AND a person, then we should end up with a total that combines the above. If EVERY subject needs to reflect gender, plurality AND a person, then we should end up with a total that combines the above. we have six for each of the third, second persons. 6 + 6 + 6 = 18 we have six for each of the third, second persons. 6 + 6 + 6 = 18 However, In the first person, separate dual and feminine forms do not exist. This will reduce the number in the first person group from six to just two. However, In the first person, separate dual and feminine forms do not exist. This will reduce the number in the first person group from six to just two. Making the total combinations 14 Making the total combinations 14 6 + 6 + 2 = 14 6 + 6 + 2 = 14

11. DAARA Sarf 111 3 rd Person Conjugation Layout PersonGenderPluralityEnglish Equivalent# 3 rd Masculine SingularHe 1 Dual (2)They (M2) 2 Plural (>2)They (M>2) 3 Feminine SingularShe 4 Dual (2)They (F2) 5 Plural (>2)They (F>2) 6

12. DAARA Sarf 112 2 nd Person Conjugation Layout PersonGenderPluralityEnglish Equivalent# 2nd Masculine SingularYou (M) 7 Dual (2)You (M2) 8 Plural (>2)You (M>2) 9 Feminine SingularYou (F) 10 Dual (2)You (F2) 11 Plural (>2)You (F>2) 12

13. DAARA Sarf 113 1 st Person Conjugation Layout PersonGenderPluralityEnglish Equivalent# 1st Masculine SingularI (M/F) 13 Dual (2)We (M/F≥2) 14 Plural (>2)We 15 Feminine SingularI 16 Dual (2)We 17 Plural (>2)We 18

14. DAARA Sarf 114 Active vs. Passive Voice For all actions that require objects (transitive verbs), the verb can either be active or passive. For all actions that require objects (transitive verbs), the verb can either be active or passive. Active is when the action of the verb is directed at the subject which is also mentioned e.g. he helped. Active is when the action of the verb is directed at the subject which is also mentioned e.g. he helped. Passive voice is for the verb whose action is directed towards the object, and the subject is missing e.g. he was helped. Passive voice is for the verb whose action is directed towards the object, and the subject is missing e.g. he was helped. In Sarf, there are separate gardaans for each of the active and passive voices, 14 conjugations per gardaan. In Sarf, there are separate gardaans for each of the active and passive voices, 14 conjugations per gardaan.

15. DAARA Sarf 115 Model Base-letters to isolate the pattern meanings (subject matter of Sarf) from the meaning coming from the base letters (which are found in dictionaries; not directly a concern of Sarf), the scholars of Sarf use the most basic base letters in terms of meaning as models for all of the patterns to be discussed through out the science. to isolate the pattern meanings (subject matter of Sarf) from the meaning coming from the base letters (which are found in dictionaries; not directly a concern of Sarf), the scholars of Sarf use the most basic base letters in terms of meaning as models for all of the patterns to be discussed through out the science. The three ‘model’ letters are: The three ‘model’ letters are: ل ع ف

16. ف + ع + ل = فعل DAARA Sarf 116