1. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. Chapter 2: Introduction to C++

2. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. 2.1 The Parts of a C++ Program

3. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. The Parts of a C++ Program // sample C++ program #include int main() { std::cout << "Hello, there!"; return 0; } comment preprocessor directive beginning of function named main beginning of block for main output statement Send 0 to operating system end of block for main string literal

4. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. Special Characters CharacterNameMeaning // Double slashBeginning of a comment # Pound signBeginning of preprocessor directive Open/close angle brackets Enclose filename in #include ( ) Open/close parentheses Used when naming a function { } Open/close braceEncloses a group of statements " Open/close quotation marks Encloses string of characters ;SemicolonEnd of a C++ statement

5. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. 2.2 The cout Object

6. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. The cout Object Displays output on the computer screen cout is part of the standard namespace; therefore, use: std::cout std::cout is a std::ostream object You use the stream insertion operator << to send output to std::cout std::cout << "Programming is fun!";

7. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. The cout Object Can send more than one item to cout std::cout << "Hello " << "there!"; Or: std::cout << "Hello " << "there!";

8. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. The cout Object Multiple cout statements may produce one line of output: std::cout << "Programming is "; std::cout << "fun!";

9. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. The endl Manipulator The std::endl manipulator moves the cursor to a new line The following will produce two lines of output std::cout << "Programming is" << std::endl; std::cout << "fun!";

10. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. The endl Manipulator std::cout << "Programming is" << std::endl; std::cout << "fun!"; Programming is fun!

11. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. The endl Manipulator Pronounced: end-L The last character is a lowercase L, not the digit 1 Do NOT put quotation marks around endl endl is part of the standard namespace; therefore, use: std::endl

12. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. The \n Escape Sequence You can also use the \n (backslash n) escape sequence to start a new line of output. The following produces two lines of output std::cout << "Programming is\n" << "fun!"; Notice that the \n is INSIDE the quotes.

13. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. The \n Escape Sequence std::cout << "Programming is\n"; std::cout << "fun!"; Programming is fun!

14. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. 2.3 The #include Directive

15. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. The #include Directive # starts a preprocessor directive A preprocessor directive is associated with, but not part of the C++ language #include inserts the contents of another file into the program, prior to the compile #include lines are not seen by compiler Do not place a semicolon at the end of a #include directive

16. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. 2.4 Variables and Literals

17. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. Variables and Literals Variable: Takes up memory Associated with a memory location Has a type of data it holds Has a name Must be defined before it can be used int item;

18. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. Variable Definition in Program 2-7 Variable Definition

19. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. Literals Literal: a value that is written into a program’s code. "Hello, there" (String literal) 'a' (Character literal) 12 (Integer numeric literal) 2.34 (Double numeric literal)

20. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. Integer Literal in Program 2-9 20 is an integer numeric literal

21. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. String Literals in Program 2-9 These are string literals

22. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. 2.5 Identifiers

23. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. Identifiers An identifier is a programmer-defined name for some part of a program Variables Functions Constants etc.

24. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. C++ Key/Reserved Words You cannot use any of the C++ key words as an identifier. These words have reserved meaning.

25. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. Variable Names A variable name should represent the purpose of the variable. For example: items_ordered or itemsOrdered The purpose of this variable is to hold the number of items ordered.

26. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. Identifier Rules The first character of an identifier must be an alphabetic character [or an underscore ( _ ) – but not in in application programs] After the first character you may use alphabetic characters, digits, or underscore characters. Uppercase and lowercase characters are distinct. C++ is case sensitive.

27. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. Valid and Invalid Identifiers IDENTIFIERVALID?REASON IF INVALID totalSales Yes total_Sales Yes total.Sales No Cannot contain. 4thQtrSales NoCannot begin with digit totalSale$ No Cannot contain $

28. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. 2.6 Integer Data Types

29. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. Integer Data Types Integer variables can hold whole numbers such as 12, 7, and -99. Can also have signed and unsigned char which are treated as integers. They are 1 byte with a range of 0 to 255 unsigned and -128 to 127 signed.

30. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. Defining Variables Variables of the same type can be defined - On separate lines: int length; int width; unsigned int area; - On the same line: int length, width; unsigned int area; Variables of different types must be in separate definitions int length, width; unsigned int area;

31. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. Integer Types in Program 2-10 This program has three variables: checking, miles, and days

32. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. Integer Literals An integer literal is an integer value that is typed into a program’s code. For example: itemsOrdered = 15; In this code, 15 is an integer literal.

33. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. Integer Literals in Program 2-10 Integer Numeric Literals

34. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. Integer Numeric Literals Integer numeric literals are stored in memory as int s by default To store an integer literal in a long memory location, put L at the end of the number: 1234L To store an integer literal in a long long memory location, put LL at the end of the number: 324LL Literals that begin with 0 (zero) are octal (base 8): 075 Literals that begin with 0x are hex (base 16): 0x75A

35. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. 2.7 The char Data Type

36. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. The char Data Type Used to hold characters or very small integer values 1 (one) byte of memory Numeric value of character from the character set is stored in memory: CODE: char letter; letter = 'C'; MEMORY: letter 67

37. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. Character Literals Character literals must be enclosed in single quote marks. Example: 'A' The value in single quotes must be a character equivalent. Examples: '\n', '\10', '\012', '\0xA' All of the above are multiple characters, but all represent the "new line" character.

38. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. Character Literals in Program 2-14

39. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. Character Strings A series of characters in consecutive memory locations: "Hello" Stored with the null terminator, \0, at the end: Comprised of the characters between the " " and the null terminator Hello\0

40. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. 2.8 The C++ string Class

41. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. The C++ string Class Special data type supports working with strings #include Can define string variables in programs: std::string fName, lName; Can receive values with assignment operator: fName = "George"; lName = "Washington"; Can be displayed via cout std::cout << fName << " " << lName;

42. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. The string class in Program 2-15

43. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. 2.9 Floating-Point Data Types

44. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. Floating-Point Data Types The floating-point data types are: float double long double They can hold real numbers such as: 12.45 -3.8 Stored in a form similar to scientific notation All floating-point numbers are signed

45. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. Floating-Point Data Types

46. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. Floating-Point Numeric Literals Can be represented in Fixed point (decimal) notation: 31.41590.0000625 E notation: 3.14159E16.25e-5 Are stored as double by default Can be forced to be float ( 3.14159f ) or long double ( 0.0000625L )

47. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. Floating-Point Data Types in Program 2-16

48. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. 2.10 The bool Data Type

49. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. The bool Data Type Represents values that are true or false bool variables are stored as small integers false is represented by 0, true by 1: bool allDone = true; bool finished = false; allDonefinished 10

50. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. Boolean Variables in Program 2-17

51. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. 2.11 Determining the Size of a Data Type

52. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. Determining the Size of a Data Type The sizeof operator gives the size of any data type or variable : double amount; std::cout << "A double is stored in " << sizeof(double) << "bytes\n"; std::cout << "Variable amount is stored in " << sizeof amount << "bytes\n";

53. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. 2.12 Variable Assignments and Initialization

54. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. Variable Assignments and Initialization An assignment statement uses the = operator to store a value in a variable. item = 12; This statement assigns the value 12 to the item variable.

55. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. Assignment The variable receiving the value must appear on the left side of the = operator. This will NOT work: // ERROR! 12 = item;

56. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. Variable Initialization To initialize a variable means to give it a value when it is defined: int length = 12; You can initialize some or all variables: int length = 12, width = 5, area; Variables that you do not initialize are initialized with whatever was in the associated memory location.

57. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. Variable Initialization in Program 2-19

58. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. Declaring Variables With the auto Key Word C++ 11 introduces an alternative way to define variables, using the auto key word and an initialization value. Here is an example: auto amount = 100; The auto key word tells the compiler to determine the variable’s data type from the initialization value. auto interestRate= 12.0; auto stockCode = 'D'; auto customerNum = 459L; int double char long

59. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. 2.13 Scope

60. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. Scope The scope of a variable: the part of the program in which the variable can be accessed A variable cannot be used before it is defined

61. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. Variable Out of Scope in Program 2-20

62. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. 2.14 Arithmetic Operators

63. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. Arithmetic Operators Used for performing numeric calculations C++ has unary, binary, and ternary operators: unary (1 operand) -5 binary (2 operands) 13 - 7 ternary (3 operands) [not an arithmetic operator] exp1 ? exp2 : exp3

64. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. Binary Arithmetic Operators SYMBOLOPERATIONEXAMPLEVALUE OF ans + addition ans = 7 + 3; 10 - subtraction ans = 7 - 3; 4 * multiplication ans = 7 * 3; 21 / division ans = 7 / 3; 2 % modulus ans = 7 % 3; 1

65. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. Arithmetic Operators in Program 2-21

66. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. A Closer Look at the / Operator / (division) operator performs integer division if both operands are integers std::cout << 13 / 5; // displays 2 std:: cout << 91 / 7;// displays 13 If either operand is floating point, the result is floating point std:: cout << 13 / 5.0; // 2.6 std:: cout << 91.7 / 7; // 13.1

67. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. A Closer Look at the % Operator % (modulus) operator computes the remainder resulting from integer division std::cout << 13 % 5; // displays 3 % requires integers for both operands std::cout << 13 % 5.0; // error

68. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. 2.15 Comments

69. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. Comments Used to document parts of the program Intended for persons reading the source code of the program: Indicate the purpose of the program Describe the use of variables Explain complex sections of code Are ignored by the compiler

70. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. Single-Line Comments Begin with // through to the end of line: int length = 12; // length in inches int width = 15; // width in inches int area; // calculated area // calculate rectangle area area = length * width;

71. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. Multi-Line Comments Begin with // on every line Can span multiple lines: // this is a multi-line // comment Can begin and end on the same line: int area; // calculated area RD: The C form of comments /* */ will not be used in this course.

72. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. 2.16 Named Constants

73. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. Named Constants Named constant (or just constant): A constant is a named storage location in the computer’s memory for holding a piece of data that cannot be changed during program execution Used for representing constant values with descriptive names: const double TAX_RATE = 0.0675; const int NUM_STATES = 50; Must be given an initial value by the programmer. By convention, named in uppercase letters

74. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. Named Constants in Program 2-28

75. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. 2.17 Programming Style

76. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. Programming Style The visual organization of the source code Includes the use whitespace: Horizontal: spaces and tabs Vertical: blank lines Does not affect the syntax of the program Does affect the readability and maintainability of the source code

77. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. Identification Comments // Author: Your Name // Filename: file.cpp // Date Written: month, year // Operating System or OS: Windows 7 // Compiler: Visual C++ 2013 // Date Assigned: mm/dd/yyyy // Date Due: mm/dd/yyyy // Purpose: In general terms, what the // program is supposed to do The above comments will be at the beginning of every program you write for this course.

78. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. End of Chapter 2

79. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. In Class Lab Time Convert the following pseudocode to C++ code. Be sure to define the appropriate variables. Store 1372 in the distance variable. Store 11 in the time variable. Divide distance by time and store the result in the speed variable. Display information about the speed variable as miles per hour.

80. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Addison-Wesley All rights reserved. In Class Lab Time Convert the following pseudocode to C++ code. Be sure to define the appropriate variables. Store 172.5 in the force variable. Store 27.5 in the area variable. Divide area by force and store the result in the pressure variable. Display information about the pressure variable as pounds per square inch.