2. science invention discovery research equipment lab experiment scientific do carry out perform Brainstorming evidence method

3. draw a conclusion think of a method collect results make up a question find a problem analyse the results repeat if necessary The stages of a scientific research ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦

4. John Snow Defeats “King Cholera” deadly infectious = causing death = that can be spread quickly SARS Bird flu AIDS

5. John Snow Defeats “King Cholera” deadly infectious severe serious  Many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak. whenever cholera broke out. a person died of cholera, John made a mark on the map. Every time a person died of cholera, John made a mark on the map.

6. John Snow Defeats “King Cholera” deadly infectious severe serious  Neither its cause nor its cure was understood. mysterious

7. John Snow Defeats “King Cholera” John Snow (1813-1858)  A famous doctor in London  Attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician.  He was so expert.  He became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to it. who were exposed to it.

8. How did John defeat cholera? draw a conclusion think of a method collect results make up a question find a problem analyse the results repeat if necessary ⑥ ⑤ ① ② ④ ③ ⑦ 1.The problem 2.The question 3.The method 4.The result 5.The conclusion Nobody knew the cause or the cure of cholera. Is the disease absorbed into bodies with meals? He marked on a map where all the dead had lived. The water was to blame. Many of the deaths were near the water pump.

9. Finding the cause: two theories  Theory 1:  Theory 2: Cholera multiplied in the air. A cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims. People absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals. From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died.

10. 16 37 20 8 9 pump 38 40 21 John Snow's Cholera Map 1.Many of the deaths were near the water pump. 2.Some families who had not drunk the water from the pump had no deaths. 7 Pub Water !

11. 16 37 20 8 9 pump 38 40 21 John Snow's Cholera Map It seemed that the water was the troublemaker. It seemed that the water was the cause of the problem. 7 Pub Water !

12. Finding more supporting evidence 1.The source of water came from the river polluted. 2.The disease slowed down soon afterwards. 3. A woman and her daughter drank the water and died. 4.John Snow looked into the source of the water.

13. What did John do after his discovery? 1.Tell the astonished people to remove the handle form the pump. 2.Announce with certainty that polluted water carried the disease. 3.Suggest that the water supplies be examined and new methods of dealing with polluted water be found. 4.Instruct the water companies not to expose people to polluted water. should  The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air without reasons.  The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals. His pale face suggested that he _____ (be) seriously ill. And we suggested that he _________ (send) to the hospital at once. was be sent = officially tell somebody to do …

14. John Snow was so e ______ that he a________Queen Victoria. He wanted to find the c_____ of cholera in order to d_____ it. He was determined to face the c_________ so that people e_______ to it would not be v________ of the d______ disease. In 1854 when a cholera b______ out, he began to c_______ information. He m______ on a map where all the dead people had lived and he found that many people who had drunk the dirty water from the p______ died. So he decided that the polluted water c_______ the virus. He told people to remove the h______. He s________ that the s_____ of all water supply be e_________ and the water companies were i__________ not to e________ people to polluted water any more. He eventually d_______“King Cholera”. Summary xpert ttended ause efeat hallenge xposedictims eadly roke arked ump andleuggested ource nstructed xpose arried ollect xamined efeated

15. Homework 1.Read the passage after class, underlining phrases you think important. 2.Finish exercises 1, 2 and 3 on Page 4.