1. Pharmaceutical Microbiology-I PHR 110 Chapter 1: Introduction to Microbiology Course Instructor: Md. Samiul Alam Rajib Senior Lecturer Department of Pharmacy BRAC University

2. Course overview In this course you will know about-  Basic concepts of Microbiology and it’s application in different fields  History and evolution of microbiology  Microscopy and its application  We will also explore the worlds of the following microorganisms-  Bacteria  Yeasts  Rickeesiae  Viruses In this course you will know about-  Basic concepts of Microbiology and it’s application in different fields  History and evolution of microbiology  Microscopy and its application  We will also explore the worlds of the following microorganisms-  Bacteria  Yeasts  Rickeesiae  Viruses

3. Chapter 1: Introduction to Microbiology Chapter overview-  Microbiology as a field of biology  Prokayotic and Eukaryotic protests  Group of Microorganisms  Areas of microbiology  Application of microbiology Chapter overview-  Microbiology as a field of biology  Prokayotic and Eukaryotic protests  Group of Microorganisms  Areas of microbiology  Application of microbiology

4. Microorganisms and their characteristics Microbe = Small Bios = Life Microbes = Small life forms Microorganisms :  Microscopic or Submicroscopic  Mainly unicellular / multicellular/ subcellar Characteristics of Microorganisms:  The ability to reproduce  The ability to ingest food substance  The ability to excrete waste products  The ability to react to changes in their environment, some times called irritability  Susceptibility to mutation Characteristics of Microorganisms:  The ability to reproduce  The ability to ingest food substance  The ability to excrete waste products  The ability to react to changes in their environment, some times called irritability  Susceptibility to mutation

5. Microbiology “Microbiology” = study of microscopic organisms and their interaction with environment Logia = Knowledge (Greek) Bios= Life (Greek) Micros = Small (Greek) FieldsArea VirologyStudy of Virus MycologyStudy of Fungi ParasitologyStudy of Parasites BacteriologyStudy of Bacteria Unicellular Multicellular Acellular

6. Why we study Microbiology? Microbes are related to all life-  In all environments  Many beneficial aspects  Related to life processes (food web, nutrient cycling)  Only a minority are pathogenic.  Most of our problems are caused by microbes Microbes are related to all life-  In all environments  Many beneficial aspects  Related to life processes (food web, nutrient cycling)  Only a minority are pathogenic.  Most of our problems are caused by microbes

7. Microbiology deals with:  The form, structure, reproduction, physiology, metabolism and classification of the microorganisms.  The study of their distribution in nature.  Their relationship to each other and other living organisms.  Their effects on human beings and on other animals and plants.  Their abilities to make physical and chemical changes in our environment.  Their reaction to physical and chemical agents.  The form, structure, reproduction, physiology, metabolism and classification of the microorganisms.  The study of their distribution in nature.  Their relationship to each other and other living organisms.  Their effects on human beings and on other animals and plants.  Their abilities to make physical and chemical changes in our environment.  Their reaction to physical and chemical agents.

8.  Morphological characteristics: The shape and size of cells and the chemical composition and function of their internal structures.  Physiological characteristics: For example, the specific nutritional requirement and physical conditions needed for growth and reproduction.  Biochemical activities: How the microbe breaks down nutrients to obtain energy and how it uses the energy to synthesize cellular components.  Genetic characteristics: Inheritance and variability of characteristics.  Disease causing potential: Present or absent, for human, other animals, plants. Animals, includes the study of host resistance to infection.  Ecological characteristics: The natural occurrence of microbes in the environment and their relationships with other organisms.  Classification: The taxonomic relationships among groups in the microbial kingdom.  Morphological characteristics: The shape and size of cells and the chemical composition and function of their internal structures.  Physiological characteristics: For example, the specific nutritional requirement and physical conditions needed for growth and reproduction.  Biochemical activities: How the microbe breaks down nutrients to obtain energy and how it uses the energy to synthesize cellular components.  Genetic characteristics: Inheritance and variability of characteristics.  Disease causing potential: Present or absent, for human, other animals, plants. Animals, includes the study of host resistance to infection.  Ecological characteristics: The natural occurrence of microbes in the environment and their relationships with other organisms.  Classification: The taxonomic relationships among groups in the microbial kingdom. Microbiology also deals with

9. Microbiology as a field of biology  Attractive model for life processes.  Metabolic process is similar to that of higher animals.  Some are able to utilize great variety of chemical substances as an energy source.  In microbiology we can study organisms in great detail and observe their life processes while they are actively metabolizing, growing, reproducing, aging, and dying.  Attractive model for life processes.  Metabolic process is similar to that of higher animals.  Some are able to utilize great variety of chemical substances as an energy source.  In microbiology we can study organisms in great detail and observe their life processes while they are actively metabolizing, growing, reproducing, aging, and dying.

10. Pharmaceutical microbiology It is an applied branch of Microbiology. It involves the study of microorganisms associated with the manufacture of pharmaceuticals. It deals with –  Minimizing the number of microorganisms and microbial bi-product (Exotoxin and Endotoxin) in a process environment (Clean room).  Production of drugs by microbes (Antibiotics)  In the development of vaccine.  Recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology.  Screening of antimicrobial compound screening It deals with –  Minimizing the number of microorganisms and microbial bi-product (Exotoxin and Endotoxin) in a process environment (Clean room).  Production of drugs by microbes (Antibiotics)  In the development of vaccine.  Recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology.  Screening of antimicrobial compound screening

11. Classification of living organisms Linnaeus (1753) PlantaePlant, Algae Fungi and Bacteria AnimaliaProtozoa and Higher Animals Haeckel (1865) PlantaeMulticellular algae and Plants AnimaliaAnimals ProtistaMicroorganisms including Bacteria Whittaker (1969) [Five Kingdom system of classification ] PlantaeMulticellular algae and plants AnimaliaAnimals ProtistaProtozoa and single cell algae FungiMoulds and yeasts MoneraAll bacteria (Prokaryotes)

12. Classsification of living organisms (3 Domain system)

13. Classification of living organisms (5 Kingdom system)

14.  Microorganisms have a wider range of physiological and biochemical potentialities than-all other organisms combined.  Some microorganisms synthesize all their vitamins, while others need to be furnished vitamins. By reviewing the nutritional requirements of a large collection of microorganisms, it is possible to arrange them from those with the simplest to those with the most complex requirements.  Microorganisms have a wider range of physiological and biochemical potentialities than-all other organisms combined.  Some microorganisms synthesize all their vitamins, while others need to be furnished vitamins. By reviewing the nutritional requirements of a large collection of microorganisms, it is possible to arrange them from those with the simplest to those with the most complex requirements. Some distinctive characteristics of major groups of Microorganisms

15. Group work Divide in groups and list the differences between prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

16. Differences between Procaryots &Eucaryots Features Eukaryotic CellProkaryotic Cell Nucleus:PresentAbsent Number of chromosomes: More than one One--but not true chromosome: Plasmids Cell Type:Usually multicellular Usually unicellular (some cyanobacteria may be multicellular) True Membrane bound Nucleus: PresentAbsent Example:Animals and PlantsBacteria and Archaea* Lysosomes and peroxisomes: PresentAbsent Microtubules:PresentAbsent or rare Endoplasmic reticulum:PresentAbsent Mitochondria:PresentAbsent Cytoskeleton:PresentMay be absent

17. Differences cont.. Features Eukaryotic CellProkaryotic Cell Ribosomes:largersmaller Vesicles:Present Golgi apparatus:PresentAbsent Chloroplasts:Present (in plants) Absent; chlorophyll scattered in the cytoplasm Flagella: Microscopic in size; membrane bound; usually arranged as nine doublets surrounding two singlets Submicroscopic in size, composed of only one fiber Permeability of Nuclear Membrane: Selectivenot present Plasma membrane with steriod: YesUsually no Cell wall: Only in plant cells and fungi (chemically simpler) Usually chemically complexed Vacuoles:Present

18. Some distinctive characteristics of major groups of Microorganisms Micro- organisms Procaryotes Subcellular Eucaryotes

19. Bacteria Protozoa Algae Fungi Viruses Microbiology includes study of

20. Characteristics of major groups of Microorganisms

21. Prokaryotes (from Old Greek pro- before + karyon nut or kernel, referring to the cell nucleus, + suffix -otos, pl. -otes; also spelled "procaryotes") are organisms without a cell nucleus (= karyon), or any other membrane-bound organelles. Most are unicellular, but some prokaryotes are multicellular). Bacteria: Size ranges from 0.5µm-5.0 μ m. Prokaryotic; unicellular; simple internal structure; grow on artificial laboratory media; reproduction asexual, characteristically by simple cell division. Example: Salmonella typhi, Bacillus cereus. Bacteria: Size ranges from 0.5µm-5.0 μ m. Prokaryotic; unicellular; simple internal structure; grow on artificial laboratory media; reproduction asexual, characteristically by simple cell division. Example: Salmonella typhi, Bacillus cereus. Prokaryotes

23. Prokayotes (Cayanobacteria) Cayanobacteria:  These are prokaryotic but not regarded as true bacteria because of fundamental differences in how they form carbohydrate in photosynthesis.  Cayanobacteria inhabit fresh water as well as marine environments and occurs as unicellular or filamentous organisms. Cayanobacteria:  These are prokaryotic but not regarded as true bacteria because of fundamental differences in how they form carbohydrate in photosynthesis.  Cayanobacteria inhabit fresh water as well as marine environments and occurs as unicellular or filamentous organisms.

24. Eukaryotes (Fungi) Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells are organized into complex structures by internal membranes and a cytoskeleton. The most characteristic membrane bound structure is  The nucleus. This feature gives them their name, (also spelled "eucaryote,") which comes from the Greek ευ, meaning good/true and meaning nut, referring to the nucleus.  Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes. Fungi: 1. Yeasts: Size ranges from 5µm - 10 μ m. Eukaryotic; unicellular; grow on artificial laboratory media; reproduction by asexual cell division or sexual process. 2. Molds: Size ranges from 2 μ m - 10µm; Eukaryotic; Multicellular; cultivated in artificial laboratory media; reproduction by asexual and sexual processes. Example: Penicillium chrysogenum, Aspergillus niger. Aspergillus niger

25. Eukaryotes (Fungi-Yeasts) Size: 5.0-10.0 µm Important Characteristics: Eukaryotic Unicellular Grow on artificial laboratory media Reproduction asexual (cell division/ budding) or sexual Practical significance: Some cause diseases some are used as food supplements Manufacture of alcoholic beverages

27. Eukaryotes (Fungi-Moulds) Size: 2.0-10.0 µm by several mm Important Characteristics: Eukaryotic Multicellular Many distinctive structural features Cultivated on artificial laboratory media Reproduction asexual or sexual Practical significance: Decomposition of many materials Industrial production of many chemicals like antibiotics Can cause diseases

29. Eukaryotes (Algae) Algae:  Eukaryotic; unicellular;  most occur in aquatic environments;  contain chlorophyll and are photosynthetic;  reproduction by asexual and sexual processes. Example: Spirulina, Anabena. Algae:  Eukaryotic; unicellular;  most occur in aquatic environments;  contain chlorophyll and are photosynthetic;  reproduction by asexual and sexual processes. Example: Spirulina, Anabena. Spirulina

31. Protozoa: Size ranges from 2µm – 200µm; Eukaryotic; unicellular; some cultivated in laboratory; some are intracellular parasites; reproduction by asexual and sexual processes. Eukaryotes (Protists) Example: Entamoeba histolytica, Plasmodium vivax.

33. Sub Cellular Cells Sub-cellular cell: The infectious agents at the border line of the life, so small that they can be visualized only by the electron microscope Viruses:  Size ranges from 0.02 μ m-0.2µm.  Do not grow in artificial laboratory media,  reproduce only in living cells;  obligate intracellular parasites. Example: Myxovirus, Herpes simplex. Viruses:  Size ranges from 0.02 μ m-0.2µm.  Do not grow in artificial laboratory media,  reproduce only in living cells;  obligate intracellular parasites. Example: Myxovirus, Herpes simplex.

35. Areas of Microbiology Different branch of Microbiology has different role in the advancement pharmaceutical sciences. Basic Microbiology: Virology, Bacteriology, Mycology, Phycology and Proto- zoology Environmental Microbiology: Including microbial ecology Aeromicrobiology: air-borne pathogens and allergens. Medical Microbiology and Immunology: Human diseases and their causative agents. Role of various drugs in the treatment of those diseases. Antigen, antibody, structure and types of antibody, hapten, adjuvant, immune response. Industrial Microbiology: Production of Antibiotics and other drugs by microbes (including therapeutic proteins) Different branch of Microbiology has different role in the advancement pharmaceutical sciences. Basic Microbiology: Virology, Bacteriology, Mycology, Phycology and Proto- zoology Environmental Microbiology: Including microbial ecology Aeromicrobiology: air-borne pathogens and allergens. Medical Microbiology and Immunology: Human diseases and their causative agents. Role of various drugs in the treatment of those diseases. Antigen, antibody, structure and types of antibody, hapten, adjuvant, immune response. Industrial Microbiology: Production of Antibiotics and other drugs by microbes (including therapeutic proteins)

36. Food microbiology and Dairy microbiology: The study of microorganisms causing food spoilage and food borne illness. Using microorganisms to produce foods, for example by fermentation. Exo-microbiology: Exploration for life in outer space. Geochemical microbiology: Coal, mineral and gas formation; prospecting for deposits of coal, oil, and gas; recovery of minerals from low-grade ores. Environmental microbiology: The study of the function and diversity of microbes in their natural environments. This involves the characterization of key bacterial habitats such as the rhizosphere and phyllosphere, soil and groundwater ecosystems, open oceans or extreme environments (extremophiles). This field includes other branches of microbiology such as: Microbial ecology, Microbially-mediated nutrient cycling Microbial diversity& Bioremediation Epidemiology: The study of the incidence, spread, and control of disease. Food microbiology and Dairy microbiology: The study of microorganisms causing food spoilage and food borne illness. Using microorganisms to produce foods, for example by fermentation. Exo-microbiology: Exploration for life in outer space. Geochemical microbiology: Coal, mineral and gas formation; prospecting for deposits of coal, oil, and gas; recovery of minerals from low-grade ores. Environmental microbiology: The study of the function and diversity of microbes in their natural environments. This involves the characterization of key bacterial habitats such as the rhizosphere and phyllosphere, soil and groundwater ecosystems, open oceans or extreme environments (extremophiles). This field includes other branches of microbiology such as: Microbial ecology, Microbially-mediated nutrient cycling Microbial diversity& Bioremediation Epidemiology: The study of the incidence, spread, and control of disease. Areas of Microbiology

37.  Microbial Physiology:The study of biochemical functions of microbial cells. It includes the study of microbial growth,microbial metabolism and microbial cell structure.  Medical microbiology: Causative agents of diseases; diagnostic procedures; diagnostic procedures for identification of causative agents; preventive measures.  Pharmaceutical microbiology: The study of microorganisms that are related to the production of antibiotics, enzymes, vitamins, vaccines, and other pharmaceutical products and that cause pharmaceutical contamination and spoil.  Aquatic microbiology: Water purification; microbiological examination; biological degradation of waste; ecology.  Agricultural microbiology: The study of agriculturally relevant microorganisms. This field can be further classified into the following: ◦ Plant microbiology and Plant pathology: The study of the interactions between microorganisms and plants and plant pathogens. ◦ Soil microbiology: The study of those microorganisms that are found in soil.  Microbial Physiology:The study of biochemical functions of microbial cells. It includes the study of microbial growth,microbial metabolism and microbial cell structure.  Medical microbiology: Causative agents of diseases; diagnostic procedures; diagnostic procedures for identification of causative agents; preventive measures.  Pharmaceutical microbiology: The study of microorganisms that are related to the production of antibiotics, enzymes, vitamins, vaccines, and other pharmaceutical products and that cause pharmaceutical contamination and spoil.  Aquatic microbiology: Water purification; microbiological examination; biological degradation of waste; ecology.  Agricultural microbiology: The study of agriculturally relevant microorganisms. This field can be further classified into the following: ◦ Plant microbiology and Plant pathology: The study of the interactions between microorganisms and plants and plant pathogens. ◦ Soil microbiology: The study of those microorganisms that are found in soil. Areas of applied microbiology

38. Application of Microbiology  Many microbes are responsible for numerous beneficial processes such as industrial fermentation(e.g alcohol, dairy products), antibiotic production, as vehicle for cloning in higher organism such as plant.  Microbes are used to produce biotechnologically important enzymes such as Taq polymerase, reporter genes for use in other genetic system  Bacteria can be used for the production of protein in industry.  Different biopolymers such as polyamides, polysaccharides are produced from micro organisms.  They are beneficial for biodegradation or bioremediation of domestic agricultural & industrial wastes.  Recently it has been proposed that they can be used in cancer therapy.  Many microbes are responsible for numerous beneficial processes such as industrial fermentation(e.g alcohol, dairy products), antibiotic production, as vehicle for cloning in higher organism such as plant.  Microbes are used to produce biotechnologically important enzymes such as Taq polymerase, reporter genes for use in other genetic system  Bacteria can be used for the production of protein in industry.  Different biopolymers such as polyamides, polysaccharides are produced from micro organisms.  They are beneficial for biodegradation or bioremediation of domestic agricultural & industrial wastes.  Recently it has been proposed that they can be used in cancer therapy.

39. Pharmaceutical biotechnology involves using microorganisms, macroscopic organisms, or hybrids of tumor cells and leukocytes: 1. to create new pharmaceuticals; 2. to create safer and/or more effective versions of conventionally produced pharmaceuticals; and 3. to produce substances identical to conventionally made pharmaceuticals more cost-effectively than the latter pharmaceuticals are produced. Pharmaceutical biotechnology involves using microorganisms, macroscopic organisms, or hybrids of tumor cells and leukocytes: 1. to create new pharmaceuticals; 2. to create safer and/or more effective versions of conventionally produced pharmaceuticals; and 3. to produce substances identical to conventionally made pharmaceuticals more cost-effectively than the latter pharmaceuticals are produced.  Recombinant DNA technology enables modifying microorganisms, animals, and plants so that they yield medically useful substances  Genetic engineering is central to modern biotherapy’s backbone.  Recombinant DNA technology enables modifying microorganisms, animals, and plants so that they yield medically useful substances  Genetic engineering is central to modern biotherapy’s backbone. Scope of Pharmaceutical Microbiology