1. Consciousness- Awareness of yourself and your environment

2. Body Rhythms Module 24: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

3. Pseudoscientific Claim Any assertion that is not based on science, even though in some circumstances attempts are made to appear scientific Appears to be scientific but is not

4. Biological Rhythms Three categories –Circadian Rhythms-Biological rhythms that occur approximately every 24 hours (Sleep-wake cycle and temperature) –Ultradian Rhythms-Biological rhythms that occur more than once each day (Stages of sleep throughout the night) –Infradian Rhythms-Biological rhythms that occur once a month or once a season (Women’s menstrual cycle)

5. Sleep Deprivation Effects Decreases efficiency of immune system functioning Safety and accident issues Contributes to hypertension, impaired concentration, irritability, etc.

6. Sleep Deprivation

7. Hypothalamus –Sleep control center in the brain –Monitors changes in light or dark in the environment –Changes levels of hormones in the body Melatonin –Hormone that helps regulate daily biological rhythms –Linked to the sleep-wake cycle –Melatonin level increases during the night and decreases with exposure to morning light

8. Reasons for Sleep Two primary reasons: –Preservation: keep us protected from the dangers of the night –Restoration: recuperate from the wear and tear of the day –****A good laugh and a long sleep are the best cures in the doctor's book. ~Irish Proverb

9. Tips for Better sleep (not on test!) by the Mayo Clinic 1. Go to bed and get up at about the same time every day, even on the weekends. 2. Don't eat or drink large amounts before bedtime. 3. Avoid nicotine, caffeine and alcohol in the evening. 4. Exercise regularly. 5. Make your bedroom cool, dark, quiet and comfortable.

10. Cont… 6. Sleep primarily at night. 7. Choose a comfortable mattress and pillow. 8. Start a relaxing bedtime routine 9. Go to bed when you're tired and turn out the lights 10. Use sleeping pills only as a last resort. For More Information, go to the the National Sleep Foundation (http://www.sleepfoundation.org/)

11. Electroencephalograph (EEG) Machine that amplifies and records waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain’s surface Electrodes placed on the scalp measure the waves and stages of sleep

12. EEG

13. Stage 1 Sleep Breathing is slowed. Brain waves become irregular. It is easy to wake the person, who will insist they are not asleep. Rarely lasts longer than 5 minutes

14. Stage 2 Sleep Brain wave cycle slows. First time through stage 2 last about 20 minutes.

15. Stages 3 and 4 Sleep Slow wave sleep First time through stage 4 is about 30 minutes and is where one gets rejuvenated

16. Stage 4

17. Non-REM Sleep Stages 1 - 4 considered N-REM (non- REM sleep)

18. REM Sleep Rapid eye movement (REM Sleep) as eyes move quickly back and forth Vivid dreaming occurs in REM sleep Considered “paradoxical sleep” Term coined by William Dement

19. REM Sleep

20. Paradoxical Sleep During REM sleep brain wave patterns are similar to when a person is awake Pulse and breathing quickens. REM sleep is sometimes called paradoxical sleep as one’s physiology is close to that of being awake but the brainstem blocks all muscle movement

21. Typical Night’s Sleep

22. Stage 4/REM Changes

23. Sleep Changes through Life

24. Dreams Information-Processing Theory Dreams serve an important memory- related function by sorting and sifting through the day’s experiences Research suggests REM sleep helps memory storage.

25. Physiological Function Theory Neural activity during REM sleep provides periodic stimulation of the brain.

26. Activation-Synthesis Theory Dreams are the mind’s attempt to make sense of random neural firings in the brain as one sleeps.

27. Cognitive Development Theory Dreams part of the maturation process Dreams reflect our knowledge Reflection of normal cognitive development

28. Sleep Disorders and Sleep Problems Module 24: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

29. Insomnia- A ruffled mind makes a restless pillow. ~Charlotte Brontë Recurring problems falling asleep or staying asleep Sleeping pills tend to inhibit or suppress REM sleep; worsen the problem Alcohol suppresses REM sleep; also worsens the problem Studies show most people overestimate how long it took them to get to sleep ****The best cure for insomnia is a Monday morning. ~Author Unknown

30. Sleep Apnea Sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and consequent momentary reawakenings. Tend to be loud snorers Continuous Positive Airway Pressure machine

31. Narcolepsy Sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks Person may lapse directly into REM sleep Nervous system getting aroused tends to trigger the sleep attack

32. Somnambulism Formal name for sleepwalking Starts in the deep stages of N-REM sleep Person can walk or talk and is able to see Rarely has any memory of the event

33. Night Terrors Sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and appearance of being terrified Unlike nightmares Happens during stage 4 sleep; mostly children The children seldom remember the event.

34. Other Sleep Disorders Bruxism – teeth grinding Enuresis – bed wetting Myoclonus – sudden jerk of a body part occurring during stage 1 sleep –Everyone has occasional episodes of myoclonus

35. Mod. #25 Hypnosis A social interaction in which a hypnotist makes suggestions about perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors, and the subject follows those suggestions

36. Social Influence Theory Theory that powerful social influences produce a state of hypnosis. This theory notes that a person’s physiological state does not change under hypnosis. Social factors influence people to believe hypnosis will work.

37. Divided Consciousness Theory Theory that during hypnosis our consciousness splits so that one aspect of consciousness is not aware of the role that other parts are playing. Promoted by Ernest Hilgard (1904-2001)

38. Hypnotizability Differences in the ability of people to become hypnotized Varies from person to person Varies from situation to situation

39. Hypnotic Induction The process by which a hypnotist creates a state of hypnosis in a subject Usually done by voicing a series of suggestions Voice is usually calm and of a rhythmic tone

40. Limits to Hypnotic Suggestions Suggestions usually involve sensations, thoughts, emotions, and a wide variety of behaviors. Hypnosis does not cause behaviors. Hypnosis can lead people to certain behaviors but so can ordinary suggestions.

41. Posthypnotic Suggestions Hypnotic suggestion that the subject will carry out after the hypnosis session has ended Technique can be used to encourage helpful behavior changes, such as stopping smoking or losing weight.

42. Hypnotic Amnesia Inability to remember what happened during hypnosis because the hypnotist suggests that the subject will have no memory of that period of time

43. Hypnosis and Memory There are isolated cases of hypnosis helping recall. Cannot be sure if the memory came back due to hypnosis Cannot be sure if the memory is accurate or one that is created to please the hypnotist

44. Pain and Hypnosis Hypnosis does work as a means to control pain. Has a number of practical applications

45. Placebo Effect Improvement due only to the power of positive expectations People think they will get better so they do

46. Feats of Strength Many feats of strength done under hypnosis can be accomplished without hypnosis.

47. Age Regression Under hypnosis, the supposed ability to remember earlier periods of time in one’s life Psychologists consider age regression demonstrations unreliable.

48. Mod. #26 Psychoactive Drug Chemical substance that alters perceptions, mood, or behavior Three common psychoactive drugs: –Caffeine –Alcohol –Nicotine Induce an altered state of consciousness

49. Dependence State of physiological, psychological or both types of need to take more of a drug after continued use. Withdrawal follows if the drug is discontinued

50. Withdrawal Discomfort and distress that follow when a person who is dependent on a drug discontinues the use of that drug Withdrawal symptoms are usually the reverse of the drug’s effects.

51. Tolerance Reduced responsiveness to a drug, prompting the user to larger dosages to achieve the same pleasurable effects previously obtained by lower doses

52. Depressants Drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functioning Includes alcohol and sedatives –Found in beer, wine, liquor and sedatives –The second most used psychoactive drug (caffeine first) –Slows thinking, and impairs physical activity –Blood Alcohol Content.8 –Euphoric Effects –Impairs memory processing and REM

53. Stimulants Drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions Include: caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine

54. Caffeine Stimulant found in coffee, chocolate, tea, and some soft drinks Provides user with a sense of increased energy, mental alertness, and forced wakefulness Blocks neurological receptor sites that, if activated, sedate the central nervous system

55. Nicotine Stimulant found in tobacco Effects similar to those of caffeine Very addictive and does not stay in the body very long

56. Cocaine Stimulant derived from leaves of the coca plant Crack – cocaine crystals Blocks the reuptake of certain neurotransmitters Dependency is quick and severe; places extreme strain on cardiovascular system

57. Amphetamines Drugs that stimulate neural activity, speeding up body functions Include increased energy and mood changes Includes: speed, uppers, and methamphetamines Mimic adrenaline Can cause irreversible changes in mood

58. Hallucinogens Psychedelic drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input Include: LSD and ecstasy Sometimes called “psychedelics” meaning mind-manifesting

59. Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) Powerful hallucinogenic drug Also known as “acid” The effects vary from person to person Users can be dangerous to themselves and others.

60. Ecstasy Hallucinogenic drug that produces lower inhibitions, pleasant feelings, and greater acceptance of others Also called MDMA Even moderate users may experience permanent brain damage.

61. Marijuana Leaves, stems, resin, and flowers form the hemp plant that, when smoked, lower inhibitions and produce feelings of relaxation and mild euphoria THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) is the active ingredient Disrupts memory; lung damage from smoke

62. A Guide to Selected Psychoactive Drugs