1. Communication

2. Session Objective By the end of this session you will:  Be able to identify how we communicate  Discuss barriers to communication  Have an understanding of aviation jargon  Recognise the importance of standard aviation phraseology

4. How do we Communicate? Is This Model True? Where did it come from?

5. Mehrabian’s Myth

6. Communication: Linguistic Factors

7. Accidents & Communication  ICAO Study  Between 1976 – 2000 = 1,100+ pax and crew killed  Eurocontrol Study 2005: OccurrenceContributing Factors Similar call signController accent (34%), controller speech rate (28%), pilot distraction (22%), pilot expectation (25%) and pilot fatigue (20%) Frequency changeController accent (51%), controller speech rate (42%), pilot distraction (43%), pilot fatigue (35%) and pilot workload (31%) Non-std PhraseologyController (64%), and pilot (41%), use of non-std phraseology, controller accent (49%), language problems (46%), ambiguous phraseology (41%) Blocked transmissionFrequency congestion (63%), controller workload (33%), untimely transmission (27%), pilot workload (22%), long message (20%)

8. Pragmatics  Pragmatics is a branch of linguistics concerned with bridging the gap between a speaker’s intended meaning for a phrase and the phrase’s meaning to the hearer.

9. Pragmatics – Accident Example  “[airline] [flight number] you are cleared to the Papa Beacon, climb and maintain flight level nine zero, right turn after takeoff,” but the pilot understood “you are cleared to take off.” The controller intended the instruction to pertain to a takeoff clearance still to come, but the pilot was expecting a clearance and thought the instructions were to be acted upon immediately. This misunderstanding led to a collision with another aircraft.

10. Paralinguistic Factors  Paralinguistic factors include voice intonation, stress, rate of delivery and pause/hesitation and can change the form and the meaning of sentences by acting across individual sounds or words of a sentence. Example:  ATC not perceiving the severity of a flight’s fuel crisis because controllers did not perceive a change in stress or pitch in communications with the crew. In turn, ATC did not give high priority to the situation, and the aircraft crashed.

11. Aviation Jargon  In the United States, more than 300 runway incursions occur annually.  Ambiguity is cited as a causal factor in most  For example, when an aircraft is flying on a heading of 300 degrees at FL 270 the controller vectors the aircraft to “three one zero”; the pilot acknowledges “three one zero” and climbs to FL310 instead of turning to a course of 310 degrees. The pilot simply interpreted the request for a heading change as a flight level change command.

12. Communication Problems

13. Key Points  Proficiency in English is essential to flight safety, but even native speakers of English have communication problems  The confirmation/correction loop can protect against linguistic errors  Context and expectations can lead the listener to hear what he or she expected to hear  Paralinguistic factors such as speech rate and pauses can negatively affect communication quality

14. Key Points cont..  Flight crews need to be aware that non-native English speakers often cannot distinguish between certain sounds and therefore may not understand a communication  Aviation jargon, especially the use of numbers, can lead to confusion and errors  There are 49 instances where FAA and ICAO use different words for the same meaning  When in doubt, CONFIRM!

15. Elements of Effective Communication  Clarity  Brevity  Empathy  Feedback

16. Listening

17. L.I.S.T.E.N L Look interested I Inquire with questions S Stay on target T Test understanding E Evaluate the message N Neutralise your feelings

18. Lost on the Moon Team Exercise

19. QUESTIONS