1. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology, 10e Tarbuck & Lutgens

2. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Energy and Mineral Resources Earth, 10e - Chapter 23 Stan Hatfield Southwestern Illinois College

3. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources Renewable resources Can be replenished over relatively short time spans Examples include: – Plants – Animals for food – Trees for lumber

4. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources Nonrenewable resources Significant deposits take millions of years to form. Examples – Fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) – Metals (iron, copper, uranium, and gold) Some resources, such as groundwater, can go in either category depending on how they are used.

5. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Annual per Capita Consumption of Resources in the United States

6. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. U.S. Energy Consumption, 2008

7. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Coal Formed mostly from plant material Along with oil and natural gas, coal is commonly called a fossil fuel. The major fuel used in power plants to generate electricity Problems with coal use include environmental damage from mining and air pollution.

8. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Coal Fields of the United States

9. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Oil and Natural Gas Oil and natural gas Oil and natural gas, consisting of various hydrocarbon compounds, are found in similar environments. Derived from the remains of marine plants and animals Formation is complex and not completely understood.

10. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Oil and Natural Gas Oil and natural gas A geologic environment that allows for economically significant amounts of oil and gas to accumulate underground is termed an oil trap. – Common oil and natural gas traps include anticlinal traps, fault traps, and stratigraphic traps.

11. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Common Oil Traps—Anticline, Fault, Salt Dome, and Stratigraphic

12. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Oil and Natural Gas Oil and natural gas When the cap rock is punctured by drilling, the oil and natural gas, which are under pressure, migrate from the pore spaces of the reservoir rock to the drill hole.

13. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Environmental Effects of Burning Fossil Fuels Urban air pollution Air pollutants are airborne particles and gases that occur in concentrations that endanger the heath of organisms and disrupt the orderly functioning of the environment.

14. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Environmental Effects of Burning Fossil Fuels Carbon dioxide and global warming Burning fossil fuels produces carbon dioxide, which is one of the gases responsible for warming the lower atmosphere.

15. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Environmental Effects of Burning Fossil Fuels Carbon dioxide and global warming Greenhouse effect—The atmosphere is transparent to incoming short-wavelength solar radiation. However, the outgoing long-wave radiation emitted by Earth is absorbed in the lower atmosphere, keeping the air near the ground warmer.

16. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Environmental Effects of Burning Fossil Fuels Carbon dioxide and global warming It appears that global temperatures have potentially increased (global warming) due to a rising level of atmospheric carbon dioxide.

17. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Tar Sands and Oil Shale Tar sands Mixtures of clay and sand combined with water and bitumen (a viscous tar). Several substantial deposits around the world Obtaining oil from tar sands has significant environmental drawbacks.

18. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Tar Sands and Oil Shale Oil shale Contains enormous amounts of untapped oil Currently, because of world markets and with current technologies, not worth mining

19. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Oil Shale in the Green River Formation

20. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Alternate Energy Sources Nearly 90% of the world’s energy needs are derived from nonrenewable fossil fuels. Possible alternate energy sources – Nuclear energy – Solar energy – Wind energy

21. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. A Solar Facility Near Los Angeles, California

22. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Wind Energy Potential for the United States

23. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Alternate Energy Sources Alternate energy sources Possible alternate energy sources – Hydroelectric power – Geothermal energy – Tidal energy

24. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Mineral Resources The endowment of useful minerals ultimately available commercially Mineral resources include: – Reserves—already identified deposits from which minerals can be extracted profitably – As well as known deposits that are not economically or technologically recoverable

25. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Mineral Resources Mineral resources Ore refers to useful metallic minerals that can be mined at a profit and in common usage to some nonmetallic minerals such as fluorite and sulfur. To be considered of value, an element must be concentrated above the level of its average crustal abundance.

26. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Occurrence of Metallic Minerals

27. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Mineral Resources and Igneous Processes Examples of igneous mineral resources Magmatic segregation – Separation of heavy minerals that crystallize early or enrichment of rare elements in the residual melt Diamonds – Originate at great depths – Crystals are disseminated in ultramafic rock called kimberlite.

28. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Mineral Resources and Igneous Processes Hydrothermal solutions – Among the best known and important ore deposits – The majority originate from hot, metal rich fluids that are remnants of late-stage magmatic processes. – Move along fractures, cool, and precipitate the metallic ions to produce vein deposits

29. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Hydrothermal Deposits Often Occur with Igneous Rocks

30. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Mineral Resources and Metamorphic Rocks Many of the most important ore deposits are produced by contact metamorphism. Sphalerite (zinc) Galena (lead) Chalcopyrite (copper)

31. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Mineral Resources and Metamorphic Rocks Regional metamorphism can also generate useful deposits Talc Graphite

32. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Weathering and Ore Deposits Secondary enrichment—concentrating metals into economically valuable concentrations Bauxite Principal ore of aluminum Forms in rainy tropical climates from chemical weathering and the removal of undesirable elements by leaching

33. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Bauxite—The Principal Ore of Aluminum

34. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Weathering and Ore Deposits Other deposits, such as many copper and silver deposits, result when weathering concentrates metals that are deposited through a low-grade primary ore.

35. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Placer Deposits Placer deposits Placers are deposits formed when heavy metals are mechanically concentrated by currents. Involve heavy and durable minerals Examples include: – Gold – Platinum – Diamonds

36. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Nonmetallic Mineral Resources Use of the word “mineral” is very broad. Two common groups 1.Building materials – Natural aggregate (crushed stone, sand, and gravel) – Gypsum (plaster and wallboard) – Clay (tile, bricks, and cement)

37. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Occurrences and Uses of Nonmetallic Minerals

38. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Nonmetallic Mineral Resources Two common groups 2.Industrial minerals – Fertilizers – Sulfur – Salt

39. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. End of Chapter 23