2.  Composed of 126 bones  Limbs (appendages)  Pectoral girdle  Pelvic girdle

3. Figure 5.6a

4.  Composed of two bones  Clavicle — collarbone  Scapula — shoulder blade  These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement

5. Figure 5.21c–d

6.  Slender, rodlike bones with elongated S shapes  Located at base of the neck and run horizontally between the sternum and the shoulders  Sternal ends – articulate with the manubrium  Acromial ends – articulate with the scapulae  Brace the scapulae, holding the shoulders in place  Structurally weak

7.  Broad, triangular bones located on either side of the upper back  Spine – divides posterior surface  2 processes at the head:  Acromion process – forms tip of the shoulder and articulates with the clavicle  Coracoid process – curves anteriorly and inferiorly to the clavicle  Glenoid cavity – between the acromion and coracoid processes; articulates with the head of the humerus  Suprascapular notch – passage way for nerves

8.  Bones form the framework of the arm, forearm, and hand  Bones function as levers for muscle contraction  Includes:  Humerus (2)  Radius (2)  Ulna (2)  Carpals (16)  Metacarpals (10)  Phalanges (28)

9.  Long bone that extends from scapula to the elbow  Head fits into glenoid cavity of scapula  Greater tubercle – on lateral side  Lesser tubercle – on anterior side  Surgical neck – tapering region below head and tubercles (common fracture site)  Deltoid tuberosity – rough area near the middle of the shaft on the lateral side  attachment site for the deltoid muscle

10.  Coronoid fossa – process where the elbow bends: receives the ulna  Capitulum – articulates with the radius  Olecranon fossa – on posterior surface, receives the olecranon process of the ulna when the elbow straightens  Trochlea – articulates with the ulna  Epicondyles – attachments for elbow muscles and ligaments

11.  On thumb side of forearm  Shorter than the ulna  Extends from the elbow to the wrist and crosses over the ulna when hand is turned over at the wrist  Radial tuberosity – process just below the head; attachment for the biceps  Styloid process – attachment for wrist ligaments at the distal end

12.  Longer than the radius  Trochlear notch – at proximal end, wrench-like opening that articulates with the trochlea of the humerus  Olecranon process – above the trochlear notch; attachment for triceps that straightens the upper limb at the elbow; fits into olecranon fossa  Coronoid process – below trochlear notch, fits into coronoid fossa when elbow bends  Styloid process – at distal end provides attachment for wrist ligaments

14.  Wrist consists of carpals bound in 2 rows of 4 bones each  Articulate with radius and ulna proximally and metacarpals distally  Carpal bones are:  Pisiform  Triquetrum  Lunate  Scaphoid  Hamate  Capitate  Trapezoid  Trapezium  She Left Town. Please Take The Cat Home

15.  Form the palm of the hand  5 per hand  Long bones with rounded distal ends (knuckles)  Articulate with carpals and phalanges  Lateral metacarpal is the most freely moveable  Numbered 1-5, starting at the thumb

16.  Finger bones  3 per finger (proximal, middle, and distal)  2 in thumb – no middle phalanx

17.  The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis  It protects several organs  Reproductive organs  Urinary bladder  Part of the large intestine

18.  Each coxa develops from 3 parts:  Ilium  Ishium  Pubis  Acetabulum – cup-shaped cavity where the 3 parts of coxa fuse, making the socket for the femur

19.  Largest and most superior portion of the coxa  Flares outward and forms the prominence of the hip  Iliac crest – margin of the ilium  Sacroiliac joint – where ilium and sacrum join  Anterior superior iliac spine – found lateral to the groin, provides attachments for ligaments and muscles  Posterior superior iliac spine – on posterior border

20.  Forms lowest portion of the coxa  L-shaped  Ischial tuberosity – rough surface that points down and back; supports body weight when sitting  Ischial spine – sharp projection above ischial tuberosity, near the junction between the ilium and the ischium  Creates the narrowest part of the pelvis

21.  Anterior portion of coxa  Pubic symphysis – fibrocartilage joint between the 2 pubic bones  Pubic arch – angle between pubic bones  Obturator foramen – largest opening in the body  Formed between ischium and pubis  Covered and nearly closed by obturator membrane

22.  Male Pelvis:  Heavier bone  More evidence of muscle attachments  Female Pelvis  Iliac bones are more flared  Broader hips  Greater angle of pubic arch  Greater distance between ischial spines and tuberosities  Shorter, flatter sacral curvature  More delicate bones

23.  Femur (2)  Patella (2)  Tibia (2)  Fibula (2)  Tarsals (7/foot)  Metatarsals (5/foot)  Phalanges (14/foot)

24.  Thigh bone  Longest bone in body  Extends from hip to knee  Head of femur – large and rounded; projects medially into acetabulum of coxal bone  Greater trochanter and lesser trochanter – attachments for muscles of buttocks and lower limbs  Lateral and medial condyles – articulate with tibia

25.  Articulates with the femur on distal anterior surface  Kneecap  Flat sesamoid bone located in a tendon that passes anteriorly over the knee

26.  Shin bone  Larger of 2 leg bones; located on the medial side  Medial and lateral condyles – on proximal end, articulate with condyles of femur  Tibial tuberosity – below condyles on anterior surface; attachment of patellar ligament  Anterior crest – extends downward from tuberosity;  Medial malleolus – inner ankle

27.  Long, slender bone located on the lateral side of the tibia  Articulates with the tibia just below the lateral condyle  Lateral malleolus – distal end that forms the outer ankle

28.  Tarsus – consists of 7 tarsal bones  Talus – tarsal bone that can move freely where it joins the tibia and fibula  Forms the ankle  Other tarsals are bound firmly together to support the talus  Calcaneus – largest tarsal bone; heel bone  Located below the talus and projects backward  Helps support weight of the body Cute Tilley Never Could Cooperate Cuddle or Cuss

29.  Numbered 1-5 beginning on the medial side  Ball of the foot formed by the distal ends  If tissues that bind the metatarsals weaken fallen arches (flat feet) occurs

30.  Shorter, but otherwise similar to fingers  3 bones per toe, except 2 in the great toe