1. Describing Graphs, Charts and Tables

2. What is a chart? A chart is a diagram that makes information easier to understand by showing how two or more data sets are related.

3. Types of Charts Bar Chart Pie Chart

4. A pie chart is a circle divided into segments. It is usually used to show percentages.

5. Bar Chart A bar chart or bar graph is a chart with rectangular bars with lengths proportional to the values that they represent. The bars can be plotted vertically or horizontally.chartrectangularlengths

6. Bar Chart

7. Graph A graph is a diagram, usually a line or a curve, which shows how two or more sets of numbers and measurements are related.

8. Line Graph Line graphs are used to show a pattern or trend which usually takes place over a period of time. Trend: Trends are the changes or movements that take place over a period of time.

9. Line Graph

10. Tables A table is a set of facts and figures arranged in columns and rows. A table is a very useful way of organizing numerical information. Percent of Hours of a Day Spent on Activities ACTIVITYHOURS PERCENT OF DAY Sleep625 School625 Job417 Entertainment417 Meals28 Homework28

11. Scales for the Writing Task 1. Scale --------- whether the graphs are marked in hundreds, thousands, millions, pounds, dollars (US, Canadian, Australian, New Zealand, etc.), kilograms, tons, meters, kilometers, percent and so on. 2. It's important for you to make clear what your numbers mean for an accurate report of the graph. For example: Don't just say that something costs 1000 for instance. Say it costs 1000 US dollars.

12. How to describe chart, table or graph Don't start writing immediately. Spend some time looking at the graph / table and understanding the information given.  Type of graph  Title of graph  Scale A sentence describing what the graph / table shows. Another sentence describing the broad / important trends shown.

13. ……Continued Description of the data. It may not be possible to describe all the data as there may be too much data presented. Describe the relevant and most important parts. If there is more than one graph / chart, describe any comparisons or trends that can be made out. A concluding sentence which sums up the data / trends. Practise using a variety of phrases to avoid being repetitive.

14. Marking for the Writing Task Task Achievement  Have you answered the question?  Have you covered all requirements of the task sufficiently?  Have you presented, highlighted and illustrate the key points appropriately? Coherence and Cohesion Cohesion is how your writing fits together. Does your writing with its ideas and content flow logically? Coherence is how you are making yourself understood and whether the reader of your writing understands what you are saying.

15. Cohesion and Coherence Example 1 We went to the beach because it was raining. Probably the writer of this sentence does not mean "because" as people don't usually go to the beach when it is raining. The writer should have written: 2 We went to the beach although it was raining.

16. …………………… Continued Lexical Resource This area looks at the your choice of words. To get a good mark here, the word choice should not only be accurate but wide ranging, natural and sophisticated. Grammatical Range and Accuracy You will be marked for your appropriate, flexible and accurate use of grammatical structures.

17. Expressing the Movement of a Line Verbs / NounsAdjectives and adverbs Phrase Rise to / A riseSharp(ly)/ dramatic(ally)Remain the same Increase to / An increase Considerable (ly)Reach a plateau Fall to / A fallSteady (ily)Remain stable Drop to / A dropSlight (ly) /gentle (ly)Remain/stay constant Decline to / A declineGradual (ly) Reach the highest peak of / Rose to an all time high of Peak at, dip to / A peak, dip Relative (ly)Hit/fall to the lowest point/ Fall to an all time low of

18. Using some of the phrases and words given on the previous slide, describe the pattern in each graph below:

19. Answers 1. Noun There was a [steady] fall… There was a [significant] drop… There was a [steady] decline… Phrases We see there was a downward trend… The number of …hit the lowest point… 2. Noun There was some [significant] fluctuation… Phrase The numbers showed some fluctuation/variation…

20. 3. Noun There was a [steady] rise… There was a [stable] increase… There was [significant] growth… Phrase There was an upward trend 4. Noun There was a plateau… Phrase They reached a plateau… Numbers leveled off…

21. 5. Noun There was a [long] period of stability… Phrase The amount remained stable/constant 6.Noun … reached a peak… Phrase The amount of … reached a peak…

22. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information below:

23. Model Answer The bar graph shows weekly expenditure on fast food in Britain by different income groups. There are two main trends. First, the expenditure is directly related to income. Secondly, there are differences in the types of fast food eaten by each group. The amount of money spent on fast food is related to income. People in the high-income group spent the most - over 43 pence per person per week. People in the low- income group spent the least - less than half of what the high-income earners spent.

24. The type of fast food eaten also depends on the group. High-income earners spent 3 times more on hamburgers than people in the low- income group. Pizza was generally the least favorite food. Fish and chips was the most popular food with the low-income group but consumption was fairly similar among all groups.

25. The charts below show the main reasons for study among students of different age groups. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features.

26. Model Answer The bar graph shows that there is a gradual decrease in study for career reasons with age. Nearly 80% of students under 26 years, study for their career. This percentage gradually declines by 10-20% every decade. Only 40% of 40-49yr olds and 18% of over 49yr olds studying for career reasons in late adulthood. Conversely, the graph also shows that study stemming from interest increases with age. There are only 10% of under 26yr olds studying out of interest. The percentage increases slowly till the beginning of the fourth decade, and increases dramatically in late adulthood. Nearly same number of 40-49yr olds study for career and interest. However 70% of over 49yr olds study for interest in comparison to 18% studying for career reasons in that age group.

27. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information below:

28. Model Answer The line graph shows changes in the amount of fast food consumed in the UK between 1970 and 1990. Several trends are apparent. First, Britons are eating more and more fast food. Secondly, the type of fast food has changed. In 1970, the most popular fast food was pizza. Over 300g were consumed each week. By 1990, however, this had fallen to just over 200g - almost 50% drop. Consumption of other fast foods such as fish and chips and hamburgers increased, however. The amount of hamburger eaten shot up from about 20g a week to more than 270g, overtaking pizza in the late 1980s. Fish and chips consumption also increased, rising from about 80g in 1970 to almost 500g in 1990. Accompanying this change in the choice of foods was an increase in the amount of fast food consumed. In 1970, British consumers ate about 450g a week of fast food. In 1990, on the other hand, this had more than doubled, to 1000g.

29. The chart and graph below give information about sales and share prices for Coca-Cola. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below.