2. Global Stratification Learning Objectives LO 9.1 Describe the division of the world into high-, middle-, and low-income countries. LO 9.2 Discuss patterns and explanations of poverty around the world. LO 9.3 Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality. LO 9.4 Evaluate trends in global inequality.

3. The Power of Society In a world of unequal economic development, how does a child's country of birth affect the chances of survival?

4. “Although poverty is a reality in the United States and other nations, the greatest social inequality is not within nations but between them.”

6. Global Stratification: An Overview LO 9.1 Describe the division of the world into high-, middle-, and low-income countries.

7. Changing Terminology Old terminology First world: Industrial rich countries Second world: Less industrial socialist countries Third world: Non-industrial poor countries Problems with old terminology After the Cold War, the second world no longer existed. The third world is too economically diverse to be meaningful.

8. Changing Terminology New terminology High-income: Nations with the highest standard of living Middle-income: Somewhat poorer nations with economic development typical for the world Low-income: Nations with lowest productivity and extensive poverty Advantages Focuses on economic development rather than political structure (capitalist or socialist) Provides better picture of the relative economic development of various countries Well-off people in rich countries live “worlds apart” from poorest in low-income countries.

9. High-Income Countries First to develop during industrial revolution two centuries ago. Industrial technology and Economic expansion Enjoy 64% of the world's income Control of financial markets which means control of other countries

10. Middle-Income Countries About 52% of the population lives in or near urban areas and have industrial jobs. About 48% live in rural areas and engage in agricultural activities -- a general lack of access to schools, medical care, and safe water.

11. Low-Income Countries Mostly poor, rural economies Agrarian, with some industry Very short life expectancy Chronic Hunger, disease, and unsafe housing shape the lives of the world's poorest people.

14. The Severity of Poverty Poverty in poor countries is more severe than it is in rich countries. Norway had the highest “quality of life” rating, followed by Australia and Canada. The United States ranked 6th. Niger had the lowest. LO 9.2 Discuss patterns and explanations of poverty around the world.

15. The Severity of Poverty Relative poverty Lack of resources that others take for granted This sort of poverty exists in every society, rich or poor. Absolute poverty A life-threatening lack of resources One-third or more of the people in low- income countries experience poverty at this level.

16. Extent of Poverty Is poverty life- threatening? In some African and Asian countries, half of annual deaths are children under age of 10. Every 10 minutes, 100 people die of hunger, about 25,000 people a day. 1.4 billion people suffer from chronic hunger in the world.

17. Alexander Malkhov in Sudan https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3etBe5 ej_Is

19. Life Expectancy MenWomen RankCountry Life expectancy RankCountry Life expectancy 1Iceland81.21Japan87 2Switzerland80.72Spain85.1 3Australia80.53Switzerland85.1 4Israel80.24Singapore85.1 5Singapore80.25Italy85 6 New Zealand 80.26France84.9 7Italy80.27Australia84.6 8Japan808 Republic of Korea 84.6 9Sweden809 Luxembour g 84.1 10 Luxembour g 79.710Portugal84

20. 1 Monaco 89.57 2 Macau 84.48 3 Japan 84.46 4 Singapore 84.38 5 San Marino 83.18 6 Hong Kong 82.78 7 Andorra 82.65 8 Switzerland 82.39 9 Guernsey 82.39 10 Australia 82.07 11 Italy 82.03 12 Sweden 81.89 13 Liechtenstein 81.68 14 Canada 81.67 15 France 81.66 16 Jersey 81.66 17 Norway 81.60 18 Spain 81.47 19 Israel 81.28 20 Iceland 81.22 21 Anguilla 81.20 22 Netherlands 81.12 23 Bermuda 81.04 24 Cayman Islands 81.02 25 Isle of Man 80.98 26 New Zealand 80.93 27 Ireland 80.56 28 Germany 80.44 29 United Kingdom 80.42 30 Greece 80.30 31 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 80.26 32 Austria 80.17 33 Malta 80.11 34 Faroe Islands 80.11 35 European Union 80.02 36 Luxembourg 80.01 37 Belgium 79.92 38 Taiwan 79.84 39 Korea, South 79.80 40 Virgin Islands 79.75 41 Finland 79.69 42 United States 79.56 43 Turks and Caicos Islands 79.55 44 Wallis and Futuna 79.42 45 Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha 79.21 46 Gibraltar 79.13 47 Denmark 79.09 48 Puerto Rico 79.09 49 Portugal 79.01 50 Guam 78.82 51 Bahrain 78.58 52 Chile 78.44 53 Qatar 78.38 54 Cyprus 78.34 55 Czech Republic 78.31 56 Panama 78.30 57 British Virgin Islands 78.29 58 Costa Rica 78.23 59 Cuba 78.22 60 Curacao 77.98 61 Albania 77.96 62 Slovenia 77.83 63 Dominican Republic 77.80 64 Kuwait 77.64 65 Northern Mariana Islands 77.64 66 Sint Maarten 77.61 67 Argentina 77.51 68 Saint Lucia 77.41 69 New Caledonia 77.31 70 Lebanon 77.22 71 United Arab Emirates 77.09 72 Uruguay 76.81 73 Paraguay 76.80 74 French Polynesia 76.79 75 Brunei 76.77 76 Slovakia 76.69 77 Poland 76.65 78 Dominica 76.59 79 Morocco 76.51 80 Croatia 76.41 81 Algeria 76.39 82 Ecuador 76.36 83 Aruba 76.35 84 Sri Lanka 76.35 85 Bosnia and Herzegovina 76.33 86 Antigua and Barbuda 76.12 87 Libya 76.04 88 Lithuania 75.98 89 Tonga 75.82 90 Macedonia 75.80 91 Georgia 75.72 92 West Bank 75.69 93 Tunisia 75.68 94 Hungary 75.46 95 Mexico 75.43 96 Cook Islands 75.38 97 Saint Kitts and Nevis 75.29 98 Colombia 75.25 99 Mauritius 75.17 100 Maldives 75.15 101 China 75.15 102 Serbia 75.02 103 Barbados 74.99 104 Oman 74.97 105 American Samoa 74.91 106 Solomon Islands 74.89 107 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 74.86 108 Saudi Arabia 74.82 109 Romania 74.69 110 Gaza Strip 74.64 111 Malaysia 74.52 112 Venezuela 74.39 113 Bulgaria 74.33 114 Seychelles 74.25 115 El Salvador 74.18 116 Thailand 74.18 117 Armenia 74.12 118 Jordan 74.10 119 Estonia 74.07 120 Montserrat 73.90 121 Grenada 73.80 122 Jamaica 73.48 123 Egypt 73.45 124 Latvia 73.44 125 Uzbekistan 73.29 126 Turkey 73.29 127 Brazil 73.28 128 Peru 73.23 129 Samoa 73.21 130 Vietnam 72.91 131 Nicaragua 72.72 132 Vanuatu 72.72 133 Palau 72.60 134 Marshall Islands 72.58 135 Philippines 72.48 136 Micronesia, Federated States of 72.35 137 Trinidad and Tobago 72.29 138 Indonesia 72.17 139 Belarus 72.15 140 Fiji 72.15 141 Bahamas, The 71.93 142 Azerbaijan 71.91 143 Greenland 71.82 144 Guatemala 71.74 145 Suriname 71.69 146 Cabo Verde 71.57 147 Iraq 71.42 148 Honduras 70.91 149 Iran 70.89 150 Bangladesh 70.65 151 Kazakhstan 70.24 152 Russia 70.16 153 Moldova 70.12 154 Kyrgyzstan 70.06 155 Korea, North 69.81 156 Turkmenistan 69.47 157 Ukraine 69.14 158 Mongolia 68.98 159 Bhutan 68.98 160 Bolivia 68.55 161 Belize 68.49 162 Syria 68.41 163 Guyana 67.81 164 India 67.80 165 Timor-Leste 67.39 166 Nepal 67.19 167 Tajikistan 67.06 168 Pakistan 67.05 169 Papua New Guinea 66.85 170 Nauru 66.40 171 Burma 65.94 172 Tuvalu 65.81 173 Ghana 65.75 174 Kiribati 65.47 175 Madagascar 65.20 176 Yemen 64.83 177 Gambia, The 64.36 178 Sao Tome and Principe 64.22 179 Togo 64.06 180 Cambodia 63.78 181 Kenya 63.52 182 Eritrea 63.51 183 Laos 63.51 184 Equatorial Guinea 63.49 185 Comoros 63.48 186 Sudan 63.32 187 Haiti 63.18 188 Djibouti 62.40 189 Mauritania 62.28 190 Western Sahara 62.27 191 Tanzania 61.24 192 Benin 61.07 193 Senegal 60.95 194 Ethiopia 60.75 195 Malawi 59.99 196 Guinea 59.60 197 Burundi 59.55 198 Rwanda 59.26 199 Congo, Republic of the 58.52 200 Liberia 58.21 201 Cote d'Ivoire 58.01 202 Sierra Leone 57.39 203 Cameroon 57.35 204 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 56.54 205 Zimbabwe 55.68 206 Angola 55.29 207 Mali 54.95 208 Burkina Faso 54.78 209 Niger 54.74 210 Uganda 54.46 211 Botswana 54.06 212 Lesotho 52.65 213 Nigeria 52.62 214 Mozambique 52.60 215 Gabon 52.06 216 Namibia 51.85 217 Zambia 51.83 218 Somalia 51.58 219 Central African Republic 51.35 220 Swaziland 50.54 221 Afghanistan 50.49 222 Guinea-Bissau 49.87 223 South Africa 49.56 224 Chad 49.44

22. Poverty and Children 100 million children in poor countries are forced to work the streets (e.g., beg, steal, sell sex). Tens of millions of children are orphaned or have left their families and live on the streets. Many girls, with little or no access to medical assistance, become pregnant. Tens of millions of children fend for themselves every day on the streets of poor cities where many fall victim to disease, drug abuse, and violence.

23. About half of all street children are found in Latin American cities. In Darfur (Sudan), impoverished children are forced to join armed groups, provide physical labor without pay, and work as sex slaves.

24. Women, Slavery, and Poverty Women In all societies, a woman's work is unrecognized, undervalued, and underpaid. Sweatshop workers are mostly women. 70% of the world's 1 billion people living near absolute poverty are women.

25. Women, Slavery, and Poverty Women –Most women in poor countries receive little or no reproductive health care. –World's poorest women typically give birth without help from trained health care personnel.

26. Limited access to birth control keeps women at home with their children, keeps the birth rate high, and limits the economic production of the country

27. Women, Slavery, and Poverty Five types of slavery (Anti-Slavery International) Chattel slavery: One person owns another Child slavery: A more common form of bondage Debt bondage: Employers hold workers to pay debts Servile forms of marriage: Women married against their will or forced into prostitution Human trafficking: Third largest source of profit to organized crime

28. Slavery About 3% of humanity-live in conditions that amount to slavery http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tfp2O9AD wGk

29. Human slavery continues to exist in the twenty-first century.

30. https://secure.enditmovement.com/learn

31. Human Trafficking From one place to another For the purpose of performing forced labor Movement of men, women, and children Forced to become prostitutes or farm laborers Adopted and forced to work in sweatshops People lured to a new country with promise of a job

32. Correlates of Global Poverty: What Is…?

36. Modernization Theory Model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of technological and cultural differences between nations Modernization theory LO 9.3 Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality.

37. Modernization Theory Historical perspective Centuries ago, the entire world was poor. Exploration, trade, and the industrial revolution transformed Western Europe and North America. Absolute poverty declined and standard of living jumped in some areas of world.

38. Modernization Theory Protestant Reformation reshaped traditional Christian beliefs. Wealth became a personal virtue. Individualism replaced the traditional emphasis on family and community. Weber: Cultural perspective

39. Not every society wanted to adopt new technology. Tradition seen as greatest barrier to economic development.

40. Rostow's Stages of Modernization Traditional stage Changing traditional views Take-off stage Use of talents and imaginations Drive to technological maturity Diversified economy takes over. High mass consumption Mass production stimulates consumption. Rostow

41. Four Roles of Rich Nations in Global Economic Development Controlling population Exporting birth control and educating people on its importance Increasing food production Using of new hybrid seeds, modern irrigation methods, the use of chemicals and pesticides Introducing industrial technology Sharing machinery and information to facilitate shifts in economies Providing foreign aid Using money for equipment necessary for change

42. Evaluation

43. Dependency Theory People living in poor countries were better off in the past than they are now. Economic position of rich and poor are linked. Historical perspective LO 9.4 Evaluate trends in global inequality.

44. Dependency Theory Economic positions of rich and poor nations of the world are linked and cannot be understood apart from each other. Some nations became rich only because others became poor. These women staged a protest in Athens, Greece; they are wearing white masks to symbolize the “faceless” workers who make much of what we wear. Is any of the clothing you wear made in sweatshop factories?

45. Modernization theory claims that corporations that build factories in low- income between nations thereby helping people by providing them with jobs and higher wages than they had before; Dependency theory views these factories as “sweatshops” that exploit workers In response to the Olympic Games selling sports clothing produced by sweatshops,

46. Dependency Theory Importance of colonialism Europeans colonized much west, south and east. African slave trade is the most brutal form of human exploitation. Neocolonialism is the “essence” of the modern capitalistic world economy.

48. Wallerstein's Capitalist World Economy Today's world economy is rooted in the colonization that began 500 years ago. Rich countries: Form the core of the world economy and are enriched by raw materials from around the world. Low-income countries: Are the periphery by providing inexpensive labor and a market for industrial products. Middle-income countries: Form the semiperiphery, having a closer tie to the core LO 9.4 Evaluate trends in global inequality.

49. Wallerstein's Ideas Narrow, export-oriented economies: Poor countries produce only a few crops for export to rich countries. Lack of industrial capacity: Poor countries sell raw materials to rich countries, then buy finished products at high prices. Foreign debt: Poor countries owe rich countries $1 trillion dollars, including hundreds of billions to the United States. World economy benefits rich nations by generating profits and harms rest of world by perpetuating poverty and dependency. Wallerstein

52. Figure 9.5 (p. 269) The World’s Increasing Economic Inequality The gap between the richest and poorest people in the world is twice as big as it was a century ago. Source: International Monetary Fund (2000). Society: The Basics, 10 th Edition by John Macionis Copyright  2009 by Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.