1. Modals

2. The list May, might, must, Can, could Will, would Shall, should,

3. The rules for using them When you use a modal, the verb after it doesn’t change In a question, the modal goes first, then the subject, then the verb Don’t use with DO I can saw it She can to see it She cans see it He can sees it He sees it He can see it Can pass you the rice? Do you can see it? They don’t can go there.

4. When do we use them?

5. Make the chart on the next slide to guide your note- taking

6. Way to use the wordsWhich words can be used How to use themOther notes Request Permission Ability Possibility Future Advice Requirement

7. 1. Requests: may, could, can, will, would A.Polite requests with I as the subject May I borrow the pen? (most polite) Could I borrow the pen? Can I borrow the pen? (least polite) B. Polite requests with YOU as the subject Would you pass the salt? Will you pass the salt? Could you pass the salt? Can you pass the salt? NO “MAY YOU”

8. 1b. Would you mind…? Would you mind if I opened the window? Would you mind if I ________? Would you mind saying that again? Would you mind ____ing….?

9. 2. Giving Permission: May & Can A.Polite permission Yes, you may borrow the pen? (most polite) No could Yes, you can borrow the pen (least polite)

10. 3. Ability: can and could Can is used to show ability now I can write a 10-page essay. We can pass this class. An ostrich can lay 3 eggs. Could is used to show ability that you had at a particular time in your life (like the past tense of can) I could only write 1 page when I was in elementary school. I could not believe what she said. She couldn’t wait to get home.

11. 4. Possibility: may, might, must, could I might go to the store (maybe) I may go to the store (maybe) Assumptions She might be sick. (I’m not sure, but I think so) She could be sick (I’m not sure, but I think so) She may be sick (I’m not sure, but I think so) She must be sick (I’m not 100% sure, but I’m 90%)

12. 5. Future: will and shall I will go to the store (it’s going to happen) It will rain. I shall go the store (more formal and old style) I shall not let you do this thing.

13. 6. Advice: should, shall, ought to Should=ought to Had better is even stronger You should study in the morning. You ought to study in the morning. You had better study in the morning=You’d better study in the morning (strong advice)

14. 7: Requirement: must We must see Mrs. Hall today. =We have to see Mrs. Hall today. You must not use your phone in Daniel Hall (rule, not allowed) Not the same as “You don’t have to use your phone in Daniel Hall”

15. Modal + Have + Verb +ed May have gone, should have told, could have done, etc. “unreal” past situations You should have been here an hour ago (but you weren’t) If I’d know you were coming, I would have stayed in. (but I didn’t) I could have eaten the entire pie!

16. Had better & Supposed to Had better=strong advice, stronger than “should” You had better study in the morning You’d better study in the morning Be supposed to—must use a be verb and must use “supposeD” It means what is expected of you or what you should do Is that supposed to be funny? John was supposed to come at 6:00.

17. Used to Used for actions repeated over and over again in the past I used to play with legos. She used to run around her house. They used to hike mountains If you use with the verb “did” to ask a question, use “use” instead of “used” Did you use to play with legos?