1. https://www.y outube.com/w atch?v=DaMcY n18jpY MACBETH: ACT IV

2.  Imagery: the language that writer’s use to recreate sensory experiences and stir emotions. It is what you use to see, hear, feel, smell, and taste, rather than just read or listen to words.  Shakespeare creates patterns of images that run through the play:  Blood  Ill-fitting clothes  Babies and children, sometimes killed by Macbeth and sometimes threatening him  Archetypal: images that relate to ideas and emotions expressed by people in many cultures.  Images of a fallen world: shrieking, groaning, bleeding  Pernicious: fatal; deadly  Judicious: showing good judgment  Sundry: various; miscellaneous  Intemperance: lack of restraint  Avarice: greed  Credulous: tending to believe too readily LITERARY ANALYSIS

3. #1.) What is the significance of a burning cauldron – like this one – to the play? CRITICAL VIEWING

4.  It represents the magic, evil elements of the play, as seen in this passage where the witches prepare their “hell-broth” in a boiling cauldron such as this. POSSIBLE ANSWERS

5. #2.) What are the witches doing as the act begins? READING CHECK

6.  As the act begins, the witches are making a witches’ brew. ANSWER

7. #3.) Has this artist captured the spirit of the witches as it portrayed in IV, i? Explain. CRITICAL VIEWING

8.  The gloomy colors and the ragged appearance of the witches seems appropriate. The witches’ brew is depicted as a powerful, supernatural force that is capable of bringing forth the apparitions. POSSIBLE ANSWERS

9. #4.) How do you picture the strange world described in scene i? READING STRATEGY: USING YOUR SENSES

10.  The scene is dark and chaotic, with wind and thunder. The only light is the fire under the witches’ cauldron. It is eerie and frightening. ANSWER

11. #5.)What does Macbeth demand of the witches? READING STRATEGY

12.  Macbeth demands that the witches answer whatever he asks. ANSWER

13. #6.) How do the apparitions that Macbeth sees in Scene I, lines 68, 75, and 86 connect with the patterns of imagery in the play? LITERARY ANALYSIS: IMAGERY

14.  The first apparition connects with the images of war, which open the play and seem to be how the play will end. The second combines the images of blood – which symbolizes revenge, murder, or guilt – and a child, which represents the future. The third apparition has a child but adds a crown, another recurring image, especially in Macbeth’s dreams of being king. ANSWER

15. #7.) What does Macbeth learn from the images of the eight kings? LITERARY ANALYSIS: IMAGERY

16.  He learns that Banquo’s descendants will reign. He also sees that the last one has a mirror (glass) which shows that there will be more than eight kings. He sees images (balls and scepters) that let him know that more than one country will be ruled by these kings (as explained in the margin note). ANSWER

17. #8.) What do the three apparitions tell Macbeth, and what further vision does he see? READING CHECK

18.  They tell Macbeth to beware Macduff, that no one born of woman will harm him, that he will not be conquered until Birnam Wood comes to Dunsinane Hill. Macbeth sees a line of eight kings and Banquo. ANSWER

19. #9.) What image is suggested by Lady Macduff’s use of the words “fly” and “flight” in lines 8 and 13? LITERARY ANALYSIS: IMAGERY

20.  The words “fly” and “flight” suggest images of birds and support the extended metaphor of birds used by both Lady Macduff and her son. ANSWER

21. #10.) What does the imagery in Scene ii, 34-35 suggest about what might happen? LITERARY ANALYSIS: IMAGERY

22.  These images suggest that Lady Macduff and her son will be trapped by the murderers. ANSWER

23. #11.) Where has Macduff gone, and how will Macbeth revenge himself against Macduff? READING STRATEGY

24.  Macduff has fled to England, and Macbeth will revenge himself against Macduff by killing his wife and children. ANSWER

25. #12.) What do the content of the messenger’s speech and the context suggest about his dress, appearance, and manner? READING STRATEGY: USING YOUR SENSES

26.  He is probably in a hurry, so he may be abrupt. The fact that he observes that he has frightened Lady Macduff (line 68) confirms that he has probably rushed in and just blurted out his warning. He may also be a little disheveled, because of his rush. He says he is “homely”, which means simple, not part of the nobility. Hence, he is probably dressed in the clothing of a worker or farmer. ANSWER

27. #13.) Whom do Macbeth’s men kill? READING CHECK

28.  Macbeth’s men kill Macduff’s son, and Macduff’s wife and other children (not on stage). ANSWER

29. #14.) The engraving shows the murderers menacing Macduff’s family. In what way does the artist capture the defiance reflected in Act IV, Scene ii, line 81? CRITICAL VIEWING

30.  As the murderers approach, Lady Macduff’s son appears defiant and protective. It matches well with his defiant words, calling the murderers liars and villains. ANSWER

31. #15.) How do the images in scene iii, lines 1-4 help establish a contrast between Malcolm and Macduff? LITERARY ANALYSIS: IMAGERY

32.  Malcolm is showing a sentimental emotional side; Macduff is displaying no weakness and remains warrior-like. ANSWER

33. #16.) Why are the images Malcolm uses to describe Scotland in lines 39-41 more effective than a simple statement that the country is in trouble and getting worse? LITERARY ANALYSIS: IMAGERY

34.  The imagery used helps the reader or audience “feel” the badness of what is happening to Scotland by creating sensory images of a crushing burden (sinks beneath the yoke), sorrow (it weeps), and terrible pain (bleeding wounds). ANSWER

35. #17.) How does Malcolm describe himself to Macduff? READING CHECK

36.  Malcolm describes himself as having so many vices that Macbeth will seem “pure as snow”. ANSWER

37. #18.) How does the image in Act IV, Scene iii, line 98 echo those in Act 1, Scene v, line 17 and Act 1, Scene v, lines 47-48? LITERARY ANALYSIS: IMAGERY

38.  In all three passages, milk represents something good – kindness, concord – and it is shown as the thing that stands between good acts and evil.  Hence, Lady Macbeth says Macbeth has too much “milk of human kindness” to kill, she asks to have her milk exchanged for the bitterness of gall, and Malcolm threatens to pour this same milk into hell, implying that nothing will stop him then from evil. ANSWER

39. #19.) What response by Macduff convinces Malcolm that Macduff is being honest? READING CHECK

40.  Macduff laments that Malcolm is not fit to govern or to live, that he cannot compare to his father Duncan, and he banishes himself from Scotland because he despairs of its ever righting itself with Malcolm in power. This response convinces Malcolm that Macduff is being honest. ANSWER

41. #20.) How does the description in lines 164-173 help you envision the condition of Scotland? READING STRATEGY: USING YOUR SENSES

42.  This description gives the impression of a country in chaos, where death and sorrow are so common no one even comments. The country is so helpless and sad that it is in danger of becoming numb to its own suffering. ANSWER

43. #21.) Why do you think Ross uses such an exaggerated image in lines 186-188? LITERARY ANALYSIS: IMAGERY

44.  Ross uses such an exaggerated image because he wants to convince Malcolm how much his presence would inspire people to fight against Macbeth ANSWER

45. 22.) What reports from Scotland does Ross bring? READING CHECK

46.  Ross brings a report from Scotland that the country suffers greatly. ANSWER

47. #23.) How does this castle compare with your image of Inverness? CRITICAL VIEWING

48.  This castle is strongly fortified, and looks imposing and regal, as Inverness would.  Some may think that this castle may look more modern.  Also, there are a lot of windows which may have made it hard to defend.  Not the kind of castle one may expect from a war-like era. ANSWER

49. #24.) How does the image in line 206 emphasize the ghastly fate of Macduff’s family? LITERARY ANALYSIS: IMAGERY

50.  By comparing them to deer and a heap of game after a hunt, it emphasizes that they were innocent and that they were treated inhumanely. ANSWER

51. PAGE 371: Do ALL #’s 1-6 PAGE 372: #s 2a & 3a REVIEW AND ASSESS