1. THE NATURE OF WATER CHAPTER 6

2. THE WATER PLANET WATER COVERS ABOUT 71% OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE. PROVIDES MORE THAN 99% OF THE BIOSPHERE THE VAST MAJORITY OF WATER ON EARTH CAN’T BE USED DIRECTLY FOR DRINKING, IRRIGATION, OR INDUSTRY BECAUSE IT’S SALT WATER AS POPULATION INCREASES, SO DO THE NEED FOR WATER SOLUTION FOR MEETING THIS DEMAND STARTS WITH UNDERSTANDING WHAT WATER IS, WHERE IT GOES, AND HOW IT CYCLES THROUGH NATURE

3. THE POLAR MOLECULE WATER IS A SIMPLE MOLECULE; BUT THE WAY IT IS HELD TOGETHER GIVES IT UNIQUE PROPERTIES THE HYDROGEN ATOMS BOND TO THE OXYGEN ATOMS WITH A COVALENT BOND A COVALENT BOND IS FORMED BY ATOMS SHARING ELECTRONS

4. COVALENT BONDS

5. THE POLAR MOLECULE A MOLECULE WITH POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CHARGED ENDS HAS POLARITY AND IS CALLED A POLAR MOLECULE. THE WATER MOLECULE’S POLARITY ALLOWS IT TO BOND WITH ADJACENT WATER MOLECULES. THE POSITIVELY CHARGED HYDROGEN END OF ONE WATER MOLECULE ATTRACTS THE NEGATIVELY CHARGED OXYGEN END OF ANOTHER WATER MOLECULE. THIS BOND BETWEEN WATER MOLECULES IS CALLED A HYDROGEN BOND

6. COVALENT BONDS WITHIN WATER MOLECULES HYDROGEN BONDS BETWEEN WATER MOLECULES

7. THE EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN BONDS LIQUID WATER – MOST IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDROGEN BONDS! ABILITY TO MAKE WATER A LIQUID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE WITHOUT H-BONDS, WATER WOULD BE A GAS

8. THE EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN BONDS COHESION BECAUSE H-BONDS ATTRACT WATER MOLECULES TO EACH OTHER, THE TEND TO STICK TOGETHER ADHESION BECAUSE WATER HAS A POLAR NATURE IT ALSO STICKS TO OTHER MATERIALS

9. THE EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN BONDS VISCOSITY TENDENCY FOR A FLUID TO RESIST FLOW COLD WATER = MORE VISCOUS = FLOWS MORE SLOWLY

10. THE EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN BONDS SURFACE TENSION WATER’S RESISTANCE TO OBJECTS ATTEMPTING TO PENETRATE ITS SURFACE

11. THE EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN BONDS ICE FLOATS: AS WATER COOLS ENOUGH TO TURN FROM A LIQUID INTO SOLID ICE. H-BONDS SPREAD THE MOLECULES INTO A CRYSTAL STRUCTURE THAT TAKES UP MORE SPACE THAN LIQUID WATER, SO IT FLOATS WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF ICE SANK? THE OCEANS WOULD BE ENTIRELY FROZEN – OR AT LEAST SUBSTANTIALLY COOLER – BECAUSE WATER WOULD NOT BE ABLE TO RETAIN AS MUCH HEAT THE EARTH’S CLIMATE WOULD BE COLDER – PERHAPS TOO COLD FOR LIFE

12. THE COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF SEAWATER PROPERTIES THAT EXIST DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF A SOLUTE AND ARE ASSOCIATED PRIMARILY WITH SEAWATER PURE WATER DOESN’T HAVE COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES

13. THE COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF SEAWATER ABILITY TO CONDUCT AN ELECTRICAL CURRENT A SOLUTION THAT CAN DO THIS IS CALLED AN ELECTROLYTE RAISED BOILING POINT. SEAWATER BOILS AT A HIGHER TEMPERATURE THAN PURE FRESH WATER

14. THE COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF WATER DECREASED FREEZING TEMPERATURE SEAWATER FREEZES AT A LOWER TEMPERATURE THAN FRESH WATER DUE TO INCREASED SALINITY ABILITY TO CREATE OSMOTIC PRESSURE. LIQUIDS FLOW FROM AREAS OF HIGH CONCENTRATION TO AREAS OF LOW CONCENTRATION. OSMOSIS OCCURS WHEN THIS HAPPENS THROUGH A SEMI-PERMEABLE MEMBRANE, SUCH AS A CELL WALL.

15. SOLUTIONS AND MIXTURES IN WATER A SOLUTION OCCURS WHEN THE MOLECULES OF ONE SUBSTANCE ARE HOMOGENOUSLY DISPERSED AMONG THE MOLECULES OF ANOTHER SUBSTANCE A MIXTURE OCCURS WHEN TWO OR MORE SUBSTANCES CLOSELY INTERMINGLE, YET RETAIN THEIR INDIVIDUALITY. Homogenous means it is composed of parts that are all the same kind or element.

16. SALTS AND SALINITY SALINITY INCLUDES THE TOTAL QUANTITY OF ALL DISSOLVED INORGANIC SOLIDS IN SEAWATER. SODIUM CHLORIDE (ROCK SALT OR HALITE) IS THE MOST COMMON AND ABUNDANT SEA SALT. SCIENTISTS MEASURE SALINITY IN VARIOUS WAYS – EXPRESSED IN PARTS PER THOUSAND (0/00 - PPT). THE OCEAN’S SALINITY VARIES FROM NEAR ZERO AT RIVER MOUTHS TO MORE THAN 40 PPT IN CONFINED, ARID REGIONS

17. DETERMINING SALINITY SALINITY IS DETERMINED WITH A SALINOMETER. DETERMINES CHLORINITY AND CALCULATES SALINITY BASED ON THE WATER’S ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY. THE FORMULA FOR DETERMINING SALINITY IS BASED ON THE CHLORIDE COMPOUNDS: SALINITY (0/00) = 1.80655 X CHLORINITY (0/00) THE OCEANS AVERAGE SALINITY IS ABOUT 35 PPT, BUT IT ISN’T UNIFORM SOME AREAS OF THE OCEANS HAVE HIGHER SALINITY THAN OTHERS.

18. FACTORS THAT INCREASE SALINITY A SOURCE OF SEA SALTS APPEARS TO BE MINERALS AND CHEMICALS ERODING AND DISSOLVING INTO FRESH WATER FLOWING INTO THE OCEAN WAVES AND SURF APPEAR TO CONTRIBUTE BY ERODING COASTAL ROCK HYDROTHERMAL VENTS CHANGE SEAWATER BY ADDING SOME MATERIALS WHILE REMOVING OTHERS. EVAPORATION INCREASES SALINITY BY REMOVING FRESH WATER

19. FACTORS THAT DECREASE SALINITY RAINFALL DECREASES SALINITY BY ADDING FRESH WATER. FRESHWATER INPUT FROM RIVERS LOWERS SALINITY

20. SALINITY AND TEMPERATURE WATER’S DENSITY IS THE RESULT OF ITS TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY LOW TEMPERATURE AND HIGH SALINITY = HIGH DENSITY WATER RELATIVELY WARM, LOW DENSITY SURFACE WATERS ARE SEPARATED FROM COOL, HIGH DENSITY DEEP WATER BY THE THERMOCLINE Thermocline = zone in which temperature rapidly changes with depth

21. SALINITY AND TEMPERATURE SALINITY DIFFERENCES OVERLAP TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCES AND THE TRANSITION FROM LOW-SALINITY SURFACE WATERS TO HIGH- SALINITY DEEP WATERS IS KNOWN AS THE HALOCLINE. THE THERMOCLINE AND HALOCLINE TOGETHER MAKE THE PYCNOCLINE, THE ZONE IN WHICH DENSITY INCREASES WITH INCREASING DEPTH.

22. ACIDITY AND ALKALINITY PH MEASURES ACIDITY OR ALKALINITY SEAWATER IS AFFECTED BY SOLUTES. THE RELATIVE CONCENTRATION OF POSITIVELY CHARGED HYDROGEN IONS AND NEGATIVELY CHARGED HYDROXYL ION DETERMINES WATER’S ACIDITY OR ALKALINITY H 2 O  H + + OH -

23. ACIDITY AND ALKALINITY ACIDIC SOLUTIONS HAVE A LOT OF HYDROGEN IONS CONSIDERED AN ACID PH VALUE OF 0  LESS THAN 7 SOLUTIONS WITH A LOT OF HYDROXYL IONS ARE CONSIDERED ALKALINE ALSO CALLED BASIC SOLUTIONS PH VALUE OF GREATER THAN 7  14 ANYTHING OVER 9 IS CONSIDERED A CONCENTRATED ALKALINE SOLUTION

25. ACIDITY AND ALKALINITY SEAWATER IS FAIRLY STABLE, BUT PH CHANGES WITH DEPTH BECAUSE THE AMOUNT OF CARBON DIOXIDE TENDS TO VARY WITH DEPTH. SHALLOW DEPTHS HAVE LESS CARBON DIOXIDE WITH A PH AROUND 8.5 THIS DEPTH HAS THE GREATEST DENSITY OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC ORGANISMS WHICH USE CARBON DIOXIDE MIDDLE DEPTHS HAVE MORE CARBON DIOXIDE AND THE WATER IS SLIGHTLY MORE ACIDIC WITH A LOWER PH MORE CARBON DIOXIDE PRESENT FROM THE RESPIRATION OF MARINE ANIMALS AND OTHER ORGANISMS

26. ACIDITY AND ALKALINITY DEEP WATER IS MORE ALKALINE WITH NO PHOTOSYNTHESIS TO REMOVE THE CARBON DIOXIDE AT THIS DEPTH THERE IS LESS ORGANIC ACTIVITY, WHICH RESULTS IN A DECREASE IN RESPIRATION AND CARBON DIOXIDE AT 3,000 METERS (9,843 FEET) AND DEEPER, THE WATER BECOMES MORE ACIDIC AGAIN THIS IS BECAUSE THE DECAY OF SINKING ORGANIC MATERIAL PRODUCES CARBON DIOXIDE, AND THERE ARE NO PHOTOSYNTHETIC ORGANISMS TO REMOVE IT