1. Popeye knew what he was doing! Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Today’s reference: Sec 5.2 Where did the inspiration for solar-powered calculators, cars, and heating systems come from? Photosynthetic plants, which can convert solar energy into another form of energy, was the inspiration for solar- powered technology! Let’s see how plants do that at the cellular level.

2. Popeye knew what he was doing! Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis – General Overview There are two steps involved in photosynthesis: 1.Light-Dependent Reaction Occurring on the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast, this reaction converts solar energy into ATP and NADPH (a molecule with high reducing power). 2.Light-Independent Reaction Occurring in the gel-like stroma of the chloroplast, this reaction uses ATP and NADPH to make glucose (an energy store). 6H 2 O(l) + 6CO 2 (g) C 6 H 12 O 6 (aq)+ 6O 2 (g) Light, Chlorophyll

3. Popeye knew what he was doing! Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Backtrack – Plant Structure – Big Picture

4. Popeye knew what he was doing! Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Backtrack – Plant Structure – Close Up Stroma Gel surrounding grana Thylakoid Specialized membranes that contain pigments Granum A stack of thylakoid disks

5. Popeye knew what he was doing! Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Light- Dependent Reaction - What We Know: Sunlight is a form of radiant energy that can be broken down to a stream of discrete energy levels corresponding to the colors of the rainbow (ROYGBIV). Each color wavelength has it’s own energy level, with Violet having the highest energy and red having the lowest energy. A pigment is a molecule that absorbs light. The pigment chlorophyll (which is a combination of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b) is the molecule that absorbs sunlight during photosynthesis. Chlorophyll does not absorb all wavelengths of light. Which do you think they absorb? Let’s test this out!

6. Popeye knew what he was doing! Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Absorbance spectrum is a graph that shows the relative amounts of light of different colors that a pigment absorbs. Which colors are not absorbed by chlorophyll? Challenge Questions: What is the advantage to a plant of having more than one pigment? Why do leaves turn red-orange in the fall?

7. Popeye knew what he was doing! Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Action spectrums for photosynthesis measure oxygen production at different wavelengths of light to see where photosynthesis occurs the most (why measure oxygen production?) At what wavelengths would you expect to see the most oxygen production?

8. Popeye knew what he was doing! Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Light- Dependent Reactions - What We Don’t Know: The light-dependent reaction occurs in the thylakoid membrane and can be summarized as such: Light 12 H 2 0 6 0 2 Light- Dependent Reactions ATP, NADPH ADP, NADP+ 6H 2 O(l) + 6CO 2 (g) C 6 H 12 O 6 (aq)+ 6O 2 (g) Light, Chlorophyll

9. Popeye knew what he was doing! Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Steps in Light-Dependent Reactions (pg 173-174): Within the thylakoid membrane there are two types of pigment clusters called photosystems. The photosystems contain chlorophyll and other pigments, as well as a molecule that will accept electrons (become reduced). When light is absorbed by the pigments in the photosystems, they pass the energy in a form of an electron to the electron acceptor. This reduced molecule can now pass the energy along the electron transport chain and finish the light-dependent reactions in 5 steps. NOTE: Your textbook describes 4 steps, but I include chemiosmosis as the fifth step (pg 174).

10. Popeye knew what he was doing! Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Steps in Light-Dependent Reactions (pg 173-174): PSII PSI Step 1: Pigments in PSII absorb light and electron moves to the electron acceptor. The electron is replaced by photolysis (water is split to release hydrogen ions, oxygen, and an electron).

11. Popeye knew what he was doing! Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Steps in Light-Dependent Reactions (pg 173-174): PSII PSI Step 2: The electron is passed through a series of electron acceptors in the ETC. Each transfer causes a small release of energy, which is enough to push hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space.

12. Popeye knew what he was doing! Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Steps in Light-Dependent Reactions (pg 173-174): PSII PSI Step 3: Light is absorbed by pigments in PSI and an electron moves to the electron acceptor. The electron is replaced by the electron that has moved down the previous ETC.

13. Popeye knew what he was doing! Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Steps in Light-Dependent Reactions (pg 173-174): PSII PSI Step 4: The second electron moves down the electron transport chain. This final electron acceptor is NADP+, which is then reduced to form NADPH.

14. Popeye knew what he was doing! Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Steps in Light-Dependent Reactions (pg 173-174): Step 5: The hydrogen ions that were forced into the thylakoid space pass through a protein called ATP synthase. The energy from this facilitated diffusion is used to convert ADP into ATP. This process is called chemiosmosis.

15. Popeye knew what he was doing! Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Monday’s Class Starts Here!

16. Popeye knew what he was doing! Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Recap 1 – label the parts

17. Popeye knew what he was doing! Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Recap 2: The light-dependent Reactions The light-dependent reaction occurs in the thylakoid membrane and can be summarized as such: ATP and NADPH that form in the stroma are now used in the light- independent reactions. Light 12 H 2 0 6 0 2 Light- Dependent Reactions ATP, NADPH ADP, NADP+ Check this out!

18. Popeye knew what he was doing! Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Recap 3- what happens to hydrogen? In the light-dependent reactions, water is split by light to produce an electron, oxygen, and hydrogen ions. Where do these hydrogen ions go (hint: there are two possible destinations).

19. Popeye knew what he was doing! Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Write the exhilarating tale of Eric the excited electron! Use your class notes and textbook to explain the details of how a electron travels from a water molecule to NADPH (feel free to be creative!) When finished, switch with someone else and have them check to make sure all steps are included and in the correct order.

20. Popeye knew what he was doing! Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Steps in Light-Dependent Reactions (pg 173-174): PSII PSI Step 4: The second electron moves down the electron transport chain. This final electron acceptor is NADP+, which is then reduced to form NADPH.

21. Popeye knew what he was doing! Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Electron transport chain An ETC is a series of redox reactions that slowly release the energy from a hydrogen’s electrons and traps the energy in the chemical bonds of ATP. This energy is used to make ATP!

22. Popeye knew what he was doing! Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) All cellular processes require ATP for energy (muscle contraction, moving chromosomes during cell division, moving cilia, active transport of waste products). ATP is an adenosine molecule with three phosphates attached: AdenosinePPP PP P Energy released for cellular processes P ADP ATP Energy gained in cellular respiration NOTE: Plants just don’t “do photosynthesis”. They need ATP too. So, after they produce glucose in photosynthesis, they break it down in cellular respiration to form ATP!

23. Reduction

24. Popeye knew what he was doing! Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Light- Independent Reactions - What We Don’t Know: The light-independent reactions occur in the stroma and can be summarized as such: 6 CO 2 6 H 2 O Light- Independent Reactions ATP, NADPH ADP, NADP+ C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose)

25. Popeye knew what he was doing! Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Steps in Light-Independent Reactions (pg 176-177): The energy of ATP and NADPH can be used to synthesize glucose in the stroma of chloroplasts. Since sunlight is not directly needed in these reactions, they are called light-independent. The series of reactions needed to produce glucose from carbon dioxide form a cycle known as the Calvin-Benson cycle. Although there are many reactions involved, there are only three main stages you need to understand.

27. Popeye knew what he was doing! Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Carbon Dioxide Fixation 6 CO 2 Replacing RuBP Reduction X 12 PGAL x 12 PGAL x 2 PGAL x 10 RuBP x 6 The carbon from CO 2 bonds to a 5-carbon molecule ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) to form an unstable compound that, through several different reactions, will eventually become glucose. This process requires energy (ATP) and reducing power (from NADPH). When this energy and reducing power is used, ADP and NADP+ are byproducts.

29. Let’s put the order of the Calvin-Benson cycle in order using the puzzle pieces. Make note of the changes in number of carbons at each stage.

30. Popeye knew what he was doing! Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Summary of Photosynthesis 6 CO 2 6 H 2 O Light- Independent Reactions ATP, NADPH ADP, NADP+ Light 12 H 2 0 6 0 2 Light- Dependent Reactions ATP, NADPH ADP, NADP+ C 6 H 12 O 6 6H 2 O(l) + 6CO 2 (g) C 6 H 12 O 6 (aq)+ 6O 2 (g) Light, Chlorophyll Cancel the intermediates, and what do you get?

31. Review P.179 #1,2,7,8,11,12 Popeye knew what he was doing! Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration