1. Money and Banking Lecture 24

2. Review of The Previous Lecture Banking Types of Banking Institutions Commercial Banks Savings Institutions Credit Unions Balance Sheet of Commercial Banks Assets: uses of funds Cash Securities Loans

3. Topics under Discussion Balance Sheet of Commercial Banks Assets: uses of funds Bank Capital and Profitability Off-Balance-Sheet Activities Bank Risk Liquidity Risk Credit Risk Interest Rate Risk Trading Risk Other Risks

4. Liabilities: Sources of Funds Checkable Deposits Non-transactions Deposits Borrowings discount loans federal funds market.

5. Liabilities: Sources of Funds Checkable deposits: A typical bank will offer 6 or more types of checking accounts. In recent decades these deposits have declined because the accounts pay low interest rates

6. Liabilities: Sources of Funds Nontransactions Deposits: These include savings and time deposits and account for nearly two-thirds of all commercial bank liabilities. When you place your savings in a Certificate of Deposit (CD) at the bank, it is as if you are buying a bond issued by that bank CDs can vary in terms of their value, the large ones can be bought and sold in financial markets

7. Liabilities: Sources of Funds Borrowings: Banks borrow from the central bank (discount loans) They can borrow from other banks with excessive reserves in the inter-bank money market. Banks can also borrow by using a repurchase agreement or repo, which is a short-term collateralized loan A security is exchanged for cash, with the agreement that the parties will reverse the transaction on a specific future date (might be as soon as the next day)

8. Liabilities: Sources of Funds

10. Bank Capital and Profitability The net worth of banks is called bank capital; it is the owners’ stake in the bank Capital is the cushion that banks have against a sudden drop in the value of their assets or an unexpected withdrawal of liabilities An important component of bank capital is loan loss reserves, an amount the bank sets aside to cover potential losses from defaulted loans It is reduced by the defaulted loans written-off

11. Bank Capital and Profitability There are several basic measures of bank profitability Return on Assets, ROA = Net profit after taxes Total bank assets It is a measure of how efficiently a particular bank uses its assets A manager can compare the performance of bank’s various lines of businesses by looking at different units’ ROA

12. Bank Capital and Profitability The bank’s return to its owners is measured by the Return on Equity ROE = Net profit after taxes Bank capital ROA and ROE are related to leverage A measure of leverage is the ratio of bank assets to bank capital. Multiplying ROA by this ratio yields ROE

13. Bank Capital and Profitability ROA x Bank Assets Bank Capital = Net profit after taxes x Bank Assets Total bank assets bank Capital = Net profit after taxes = ROE Bank Capital Return on equity tends to be higher for larger banks, suggesting the existence of economies of scale

14. Bank Capital and Profitability Net interest income is another measure of profitability; It is the difference between the interest the bank pays and what it receives It can also be expressed as a percentage of total assets to yield (net interest margin). It is the bank’s interest rate spread Well run banks have high net interest income and a high net interest margin. If a bank’s net interest margin is currently improving, its profitability is likely to improve in the future.

16. Off-Balance-Sheet Activities Banks engage in these activities in order to generate fee income; these activities include providing trusted customers with lines of credit Letters of credit are another important off- balance-sheet activity; they guarantee that a customer will be able to make a promised payment. In so doing, the bank, in exchange for a fee, substitutes its own guarantee for that of the customer and enables a transaction to go forward

17. Off-Balance-Sheet Activities Buyer (Importer)  Sale Contract Seller (Exporter)  Deliver Goods  Request for Credit Importer’s Bank (Issuing Bank)  Documents & Claim for Payment  Present Documents  Deliver Letter of Credit  Present Documents  Send Credit Exporter’s Bank (Advising Bank)  Payment

18. Off-Balance-Sheet Activities A standby letter of credit is a form of insurance; the bank promises that it will repay the lender should the borrower default Off-balance-sheet activities create risk for financial institutions and so have come under increasing scrutiny in recent years

19. Summary Balance Sheet of Commercial Banks Liabilities: Sources of Funds Bank Capital and Profitability Off-Balance-Sheet Activities