1. Biogenic emissions in ORCHIDEE: nitrogen compounds from soils Palmira Messina 1, Juliette Lathière 1, Didier Hauglustaine 1, Peter George Mueller Hess 2 (1) Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Gif-sur-Yvette, France, (2) Cornell University, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Ithaca, USA SOFIE LSCE/PKU Workshop October 13-14, 2014

2. ORCHIDEE model Vegetation, soil emission module

3. NOx emissions in Orchidee F NO atm ( PFT ) = F NO soil ( PFT ) × CRF F NO soil = F NO base (T, PFT ) × Pulse(precipitation) × Ef bbg (day, position) + F NO fertil F NO atm = net flux of nitrogen oxide to the atmosphere (ngN/m2/s). F NO soil = flux of nitrogen oxide from the ground before taking into account the canopy deposition. F NO base = standard soil emissions depending on temperature and humidity of the soil and vegetation type. Pulse = contribution to nitrogen oxide emissions due to the dry and high precipitation period turnover. Ef bbg = contribution due to vegetation burning practice in some area of the world. F NO fertil = flux of nitrogen oxide linked to the presence of fertilizer. CRF = canopy reduction factor. Based on the empirical model of soil-biogenic Nox emissions by Yienger and Levy [1995] ORCHIDEE inventory GEIA [Lathiére Thesis., 2005] ngN/m2/s

4. NOx emissions in Orchidee Steinkamp and Lawrence [2011]: Update and the algorithm and related parameters new measurements and top-down estimations Yienger and Levy [1995]: general understimation (except tundra and rain forest) Yienger and Levy [1995]: distinguishes between two soil moisture states and uses the precipitation rates of the previous 14 days Steinkamp and Lawrence [2011]: the water content in the soil is used to distinguish between dry and wet soil conditions, threshold for dry vs. wet conditions to 15 %. Already implemented in ORCHIDEE ng/m2/s New version Diff old version [Steinkamp and Lawrence, 2011] Global annual NOx soil emissions above canopy Steinkamp and Lawrence [2011]: 8.6 Tg/yr Satellite-based top-down approaches: 8.9 Tg/yr Orchidee 2005: 8.7 Tg/yr Yienger and Levy [1995]: 5.5 Tg/yr Vinken et al., [2014]: 12.9 Tg/yr

5. NO emission: comparison ORCHIDEE - OCN [Lathiére Thesis., 2005] [S. Zaehle (MPI – Jena), personal communication]

6. NH3 emission with Hess-Riddick model Semi-empirical parameterization to estimate volatilization, run-off and soil formation of Nr from sources of animal manure and synthetic fertilizer within Community Land Model (CLM) 4.5 of the Community Earth System Model (CESM1.1) Model calculates the amount of nitrogen and carbon needed for a given manure application and subtracts it from the plant leaf pools within the CLM. [Riddick, Hess et al., under review]

7. NH3 emissions and the other pathways: 2000 Despite the heterogeneity of the nitrogen pathways in space and time the NH3 emission estimates of 12 and 5 Tg N/y for manure and synthetic fertilizer are in good agreement with global estimates made by EDGAR, 2010; Galloway et al., 2004. [Riddick, Hess et al., under review] NH3 Manure [gN/m2/yr] NH3 Fertilizer [gN/m2/yr]

8. NH3 modelled and in site measurements The agreement between measured and modeled Pv (N NH3 /N tot ) from manure appears reasonable Fertilizer Manure [Riddick, Hess et al., under review]

9. Future perspectives 1. Update NO emissions module in ORCHIDEE 2. Insert the Hess-Riddick model into ORCHIDEE emission module, build up a framework that can be employed to explicitly respond to climate change. 3. In Hess-Riddick model the nitrogen applied to the land (either manure or fertilizer) is uniformly spread over the 2ºx2º grid cell irrespective of plant functional or surface type with ORCHIDEE we can improve this part. 4. Estimation of NH3 concentration at global scale using LMDZ-INCA model. 5. Comparison of NH3 emissions calculated with Hess-Riddick approach to whose will be produced by other models (ORCHIDEE nitrogen cycle...) Daniele Corbelli photographer

10. Thank you!!! Daniele Corbelli photographer