History of Computing & Engineering Histoire d’informatique et de génie

History of Computing & Engineering Histoire d’informatique et de génie
CSI2911 / SEG2911 / ELG2911 Professional Practice Pratique professionnelle TOPIC 1 Introduction, History of Computing & Engineering Histoire d’informatique et de génie Some of the material in these slides is derived from slides produced by Sara Basse, the Author of the “Gift of Fire” textbook , and also other professors who have taught this course including Tim Lethbridge, Stan Matwin, Liam Peyton, Emil Petriu and Claude D’Amours

Outline of the course / Plan du cours
Lecture: Wed. 16h-19h DMS1120 DGD: Thursday 17h30-19h CBY B202 Course Description: CSI: Professionalism in Computer Science. Ethical practice. Intellectual property rights. Social impact of computing. Privacy and legal issues. ELG: History of the profession of engineering. Principles of professional engineering practice. Ethical, societal, environmental and legal obligations of the professional engineer. Communication and management skills required by the practicing engineer. Workplace health and safety. SEG: Principles of professional software engineering practice and ethics, societal and environmental obligations of the software engineer. EECS 2911

Outline General objective for course: to present a broad overview of professional practice in engineering and computer science. Specific objectives: students should learn about ethics, law, oral/written communication, and safety, as these pertain to their discipline of study. Teaching methods: in-class lectures (including guest speakers) with some presentation slides and other materials made available electronically via the course web site ( EECS 2911

Outline Text: Gordon C. Andrews, J. Dwight Aplevich, Roydon A. Fraser, and Carolyn MacGregor, Introduction to Professional Engineering in Canada, 4thEd., Pearson Prentice Hall, Toronto, Canada, Grading Scheme Assignments (best 5 of 4 marks each):20% Oral presentation (5 minutes): 10% Written report (8-10 pages): 20% Midterm examination: 15% Final examination: 35% EECS 2911

Outline [Jan13] Introduction to Professional Practice.
History of the Engineering and CS. [Jan20] Profession of Engineering: Licensing, code of ethics and professional misconduct. [Jan 27] Engineering Societies, TBD [Feb03] Technical Writing; Formal Technical Reports; Public Speaking [Feb10] Speaker (David Knox): Fundamentals of Engineering Design (Confirmed) Midterm Exam in second half of class.

Outline [Feb24] Guest speaker Hanan Anis Legal, Safety, and Ethical Considerations Contract and Tort Law [Mar02] Speaker (Richard L’Abbé): Business and Strategic Planning Intellectual Property Law [Mar09] Professional Ethics; Ethical Problem-Solving Techniques Safety and Engineering Design; Risk, Safety, and Accidents [Mar16] Speaker (Joan Haysom): Sustainable Engineering (tentative) – maybe second half of Mar 9. Social Responsibility [Mar23,24] Student Presentations [Mar30,31] Student Presentations [Apr06,7] Student Presentations EECS Lethbridge

Teaching assistants / assistants à l'enseignement
Correctors: TBD EECS 2911

Why this course? (1) Pourquoi ce cours?
Computing and electrical engineering have a tremendous positive impact we want to enhance Informatique et de génie électrique ont un impact extrêmement positif que nous voulons améliorer E.g. Allowing us to communicate and access information in ways we never imagined / Ils nous permettent de communiquer et d'accéder à l'information de façon que nous n'avons jamais imaginé Giving us entertainment and fun / Ils nous donnent divertissement et de plaisir Stimulating the economy with business opportunities / Ils stimulent l'économie avec des activités commerciales EECS 2911

Positive / Positif … Generating medical breakthroughs by analysing the genome and proteome / Ils génèrent des des découvertes médicales en analysant le génome et du protéome Creating and distributing the energy civilization needs / Ils créent et distribuent l'énergie nécessaire à civilisation Making us all more productive and comfortable at work and play / Ils nous font tous plus productifs et à l'aise quand nous travaillons et jouons Automating uninteresting, repetitive tasks / Ils automatisent les tâches qui sont sans intérêt ou répétitif EECS 2911

But, technology can have a tremendous negative impact we want to avoid / Mais, la technologie peut avoir un impact négatif énorme que nous voulons éviter Disasters and other societal problems can be caused by / Les catastrophes et d'autres problèmes de société peut être causée par Critical incidents where technology was at fault / Les incidents critiques où la technologie était en faute Planes, trains, spaceships and automobiles crashing / Accidents d'avions, les trains, les vaisseaux spatiaux et les voitures Overdosing patients / surdosage des patients Failures of financial systems / Défaillances des systèmes financiers EECS 2911

Negative / Negatif Management failures / Échecs majeurs de gestion Huge cost over-runs from poorly run projects / Énormes dépassements de coûts des projets mal gérés Privacy breaches / violations de la confidentialité The actions of hackers and other criminals / Les actions des pirates et autres criminels Etc. EECS 2911

The solution: Professionalism / La solution: le professionnalisme
Taking responsibility for our work / Assumer la responsabilité pour le travail que nous faisons Pride in quality work / La fierté de la qualité du travail Acting ethically to clients, colleagues, management, society and the environment / Agir de façon éthique pour les clients, les collègues, la direction, la société et l'environnement Protect the public/ Protéger le public. EECS 2911

Professionalism(e) (2)
Ensuring we are properly educated know a little of the history of our field have depth of understanding apply best practices S'assurer que nous sommes bien renseignés nous connaissons un peu de l'histoire de notre domaine, nous avons profondeur de compréhension nous appliquons les meilleures pratiques EECS 2911

Professionalism(e) (3)
Understanding risks, preventing failures / Comprendre les risques et la prévention des échecs Continual improvement of ourselves, our profession and our technology / L'amélioration continue de nous-mêmes, notre profession et notre technologie EECS 2911

Disciplines in EECS (1) Electrical engineers / Les ingénieurs électriques Since 1800s Design power, electronics, communication, control systems, instrumentation and devices Computer scientists / Les informaticiens Since 1940s Develop software, data structures, algorithms, hardware and scientific underpinnngs of computing EECS 2911

Disciplines in EECS (2) Computer engineers / Les ingénieurs informaticiens Offshoot of EE and CS in 1970s Design hardware and hardware-software systems Software engineers / Les ingénieurs logiciels Offshoot of computer science in 1980s Apply engineering methods to large scale software EECS 2911

What is engineering?? Engine??
Root of the word engineering? Engine?? Latin “ingenious”, inginerare = to create Engineering is the professional art of applying scientific concepts to the optimum conversion of resources to benefit mankind (Encyclopedia Britannica)

What about Science in general?
A scientist tries to understand what happens in nature and to keep searching for better understanding of our world. What’s the difference? The scientist builds to understand, but the engineer understands to build…

Natural questions… This is not a technical course – why is it required? Will I learn something useful? Will I enjoy the course? My background – why am I teaching this course? Winter 2015 C. Adams

Heart of engineering Problem solving Product development
Usability of products Economics, safety, reliability Maintaining the high level of trust that society has in our profession Winter 2015 C. Adams

What you may deal with “out there”other than design
Requirement Specification, Implementation, Maintenance, Sales or Marketing of a product Management of a project for any of the above Interaction with the human, legal, policy, safety, health, business and ethical issues that are part and parcel of the product delivery process. Winter 2015 C. Adams

Necessary skills for engineering and CS
Technical skills Skills necessary to interact with: Senior Management Engineers in other disciplines Sales Marketing Lawyers Policy / decision makers Customers Society at large Winter 2015 C. Adams

Why a Professional Practice course?
4/28/2017 Why a Professional Practice course? Recognizing your responsibility as an engineer Recognizing the importance of living up to society’s expectations Recognizing the skill set you need to fulfill this responsibility Technical skills (“hard skills”) Soft skills Knowledge of related domains 2911 is intended to help you more fully appreciate and respect these other skills and knowledge areas. Winter 2015 C. Adams

Will you be prepared by the end of your degree?
Hard skills: yes Through technical courses Soft skills and other knowledge: maybe Harder to teach Some must be learned on your own Exposure in humanities courses, extra curricular activities, 2911, … Winter 2015 C. Adams

What to expect in your education…
Accreditation requirements Math and science Engineering science and Engineering design Complementary Studies: humanities, social sciences, arts, management, engineering economics, communication Winter 2015 C. Adams

Engineering Design “Engineering design integrates mathematics, basic sciences, engineering sciences and complementary studies in developing elements, systems and processes to meet specific needs. It is a creative, iterative, and often open-ended process subject to constraints which may be governed by standards or legislation to varying degrees depending upon the discipline. These constraints may relate to economic, health, safety, environmental, social, or other pertinent interdisciplinary factors.” Winter 2015 C. Adams

Complementary studies
“While considerable latitude is provided in the choice of suitable courses for the complementary studies component of the curriculum, some areas of study are considered to be essential in the education of an engineer. Accordingly, the curriculum must include studies in engineering economics and on the impact of technology on society, and subject matter that deals with central issues, methodologies and thought processes of the humanities and social sciences. Provision must also be made to develop each student’s capability to communicate adequately, both orally and in writing.” Winter 2015 C. Adams

Professionalism “The program must ensure that students are made aware of the role and responsibilities of the professional engineer in society. Appropriate exposure to ethics, equity, public and worker safety and health considerations, and concepts of sustainable development and environmental stewardship must be an integral component of the engineering curriculum” Winter 2015 C. Adams

CEAB Graduate Attributes
A knowledge base for engineering Problem analysis Investigation Design Use of tools Individual and team work Communication Skills Professionalism Impact on society and the environment Ethics and Equity Economics and project management Life Long Learning Winter 2015 C. Adams

Accreditation of Computing Programs
Provides evidence that computing education meets the standards of the profession Performed in Canada by the CIPS agency CSAC Computer Science Accreditation Council Accredits CS and SE Programs in Canada Analogous to CEAB that accredits engineering SE programs accredited by both CSAC and CEAB CS Accredited programs: SE Accredited programs: Winter 2015 C. Adams

Accreditation of Computing Programs (cont’d)
International recognition of CSAC accreditations through the Seoul Accord Analogous to the Washington Accord for engineering and Canberra Accord for architecture US, Korea, Australia, UK, Canada, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan Your degree will be recognized for certifications in these countries All accreditation agencies are themselves accredited AAAC: Association of Accrediting Agencies of Canada Winter 2015 C. Adams

Seoul Accord Expected Graduate Attributes
1. Academic Education 2. Possess knowledge for solving computing problems Computing fundamentals, math, science, domain knowledge 3. Ability to analyse complex computing problems 4. Ability to design and develop solutions Systems, components or processes Consideration of public health, safety, culture, environment 5. Ability to create, use and adapt modern computing tools 6. Ability to work both in teams and individually As a member or leader, and in a multidisciplinary context 7. Communication skills (written and presentation) 8. Professionalism 9. Understand and commit to principles of ethics 10. Commitment to life-long learning Winter 2015 C. Adams

What are Professions? Full-time, paid occupations
recognized in society as requiring advanced knowledge and/or skill with at least one association members can or must join and a code of conduct/ethics. Some professions are legally recognized Governments have passed laws recognizing members In turn, members have a legal responsibility to uphold the interests of society, above other interests Others professions are less formal Winter 2015 C. Adams

Legally Recognized Professions
(“*” is used to mark places where the name be disputed) A. Professions with practice-restricting licenses in many jurisdictions Practice, or aspects of practice, limited to license holders Medicine, Dentistry, Chiropractic, Pharmacy, Law, School Teaching, Engineering (e.g., in Canada), Architecture Some licensed professions in Ontario Licensed professions in New York State *Divinity (those licensed can perform marriages, etc.) Those requiring less education are commonly called ‘trades’ *Truck Driving, (required training and driver’s license) *Hairdressing, barbering Winter 2015 C. Adams

Legally recognized professions (cont’d)
B. Professions with signoff-restricting licenses or certifications A licensed/certified person must approve certain types of work done, but may delegate most of the work to others Anyone may ‘do certain of the work’, but members have a legal basis to state to others that they are competent Engineering (in some places), Financial Analysis (CFA), Chartered Accountancy (CA), Certified Management Accountancy (CMA), certain ‘trades’ (*Electrician, *Plumber) C. Professions with legal standing but where there is no license issued nor legal requirement for signoff of work Information Systems Professional (I.S.P.) in Canada Winter 2015 C. Adams

Professions without legal recognition
D. Professions with optional certifications that do not have legal weight Software Development (CSDP), Project Management (PMP) E: Professions not generally licensed or certified, but where a degree or diploma provides evidence of competence *Scientist (various types), Journalist F: Other professions or trades where an apprenticeship model is typically followed *Mason G. Professions where the limiting factor is simply that you must have sufficient skill or knowledge that someone is willing to pay you enough to do it full time *University Professor, *Sport player (Hockey, Golf, Football), *Actor, *Artist, *Musician, *Politician Winter 2015 C. Adams

Key attribute of a profession
Public recognition: Others outside profession X understand what a member of profession X does and can do So outsiders know who to consult when they want some service So outsiders can feel confident they are getting work done by someone competent Outsiders rely on professional’s skill and expertise To ensure public recognition: There must be A defined scope of practice A recorded body of knowledge (principles, facts, best practices, required procedures such as the building or plumbing code) A code of ethics consequences when it is violated Methods to educate/train, accredit education, and ensure continuing education Well-understood criteria for membership Organizations to establish and administer the above Winter 2015 C. Adams

So what does it mean to exhibit professionalism?
Obtain the required education and ongoing education (D) Adhere to the code of ethics (C) Apply the principles and knowledge properly (B) Practice within the scope of your expertise (A, D) and defer to others when boundaries are reached Obtain and maintain appropriate credentials (E) Participate in the appropriate professional organizations (F) Winter 2015 C. Adams

Other attributes of many professions
Membership and practice may be limited or controlled As opposed to ‘de-facto’ The profession may be self-governing The profession controls all attributes on the previous slide Members are disciplined by their organization There may be legal recognition and responsibility Includes the concept of malpractice, professional misconduct Being a professional may confer respectability status / social privilege Professionals may enter private practice with individual clients Professionals may enjoy work autonomy You are able to control aspects of how you do your work, even when working for an employer Your responsibility to society and your profession comes first in case of conflict Winter 2015 C. Adams

Is this interest in professionalism and ethics new?
Winter 2015 C. Adams

Responsibility. Code of Hammurabi (law of the Babylonian king, ca
Responsibility!!! Code of Hammurabi (law of the Babylonian king, ca BC) If a builder build a house for a man and does not make its construction firm, and the house which he has built collapse and cause the death of the owner of the house, that builder shall be put to death. If it cause the death of the son of the owner of the house, then they shall put to death a son of that builder. If it cause the death of a slave of the owner of the house, then they shall give to the owner of the house a slave of equal value. If a builder build a house and do not make its construction meet the requirements and a wall fall in, that builder shall strengthen the wall at his own expense. If it destroy property, he shall restore whatever it destroyed, and because he did not make the house which he built firm and it collapsed, he shall rebuild the house which collapsed from his own property. (From “To Engineer is Human: The Role of Failure in Successful Design”, by Henry Petroski.) Winter 2015 C. Adams

Relevance? That sounds like it’s important for civil engineers…
How about electrical/computer/software engineers? Is their work “safety critical”? Examples? Winter 2015 C. Adams

Safety Critical ELG/CEG/SEG/CSI products
Power generation and transmission Space shuttle Medical image processing for diagnosis Computer assisted surgery Telephone lines 9-1-1 emergency network Cell phones Winter 2015 C. Adams

Artificial Heart Winter 2015 C. Adams

Shuttle Remote Manipulator System

Ceramic joint Winter 2015 C. Adams

The price of failure can be HUGE!!!!

Impact of Engineering and Computer Science on Society
Expert Witnesses Electrical, computer, and software examples of impact on society… Winter 2015 C. Adams

CDs, DVDs, video games, Internet, patient simulators, biomedical image processing, ...

The bigger the project, the harder it is to see the final impact
(Sometimes, the smaller the project, the harder it is to see the final impact…) This does not mean it is not there! Winter 2015 C. Adams

2911: Ethical Considerations
I know I can do it but should I do it? Winter 2015 C. Adams

2911: Ethical Considerations
Is it safe? Is it legal? Is it just? Is it right? Winter 2015 C. Adams

It is all in the ring… - Ethics in engineering is symbolized by the iron ring
The Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer has been instituted with the simple end of directing the newly qualified engineer toward a consciousness of the profession and its social significance and indicating to the more experienced engineer their responsibilities in welcoming and supporting the newer engineers when they are ready to enter the profession. Winter 2015 C. Adams

Iron ring The Iron Ring may be worn on the little finger of the working hand by any engineer who has been obligated at an authorized ceremony of the Ritual of the Calling of the Engineer. The ring symbolizes the pride which engineers have in their profession, while simultaneously reminding them of their humility. The ring serves as a reminder to the engineer and others of the engineer's obligation to live by a high standard of professional conduct. It is not a symbol of qualification as an engineer - this is determined by the provincial and territorial licensing bodies. Winter 2015 C. Adams

The Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer
An obligation taken by graduating engineering students to bind themselves upon “honour and cold iron” to not “suffer or pass, or be privy to the passing of, bad workmanship or faulty material” in anything concerning their work as engineers, or in dealings with their own souls before their maker. Winter 2015 C. Adams

Responsibility is huge… Henry Petroski
“When I was a student of engineering I came to fear the responsibility that I imagined might befall me after graduation. How, I wondered, could I ever be perfectly sure that something I might design would not break or collapse and kill a number of people? I knew my understanding of textbooks was less than total, my homework was seldom without some sort of error, and my grades were not straight A’s. Winter 2015 C. Adams

Responsibility is huge… Henry Petroski
This disturbed me for some time , and I wondered why my classmates, both A and C students, were not immobilized by the same phobia. The topic never came to the surface of our conservations, however, and I avoided confronting the issue by going to graduate school instead of taking an engineering job right away. Winter 2015 C. Adams

Responsibility! Since then, I have come to realize that my concern was not unique among engineering students, and indeed many if not all students experienced self doubts about success and fears of failure. The medical student worries about losing a patient, the lawyer about losing a crucial case. But, if we all were to retreat with phobias from respective jobs, we would cause exactly what we wished to avoid. It is thus that we practice whatever we do with as much assiduousness as we can command…” Henry Petroski (Then we rely on our peers & betters in the profession, professional associations and oversight committees, laws / regulations / best practices, etc.) Winter 2015 C. Adams

ELG/SEG/CSI 2911 Exposure to the profession of engineering and the licensing process Exposure to non-technical aspects of the professional practice of Eng./CS Plant the seeds for some important questions that we hope will stay in your head throughout your career (and beyond…) Winter 2015 C. Adams

Historical perspective: Antiquity
Science Geometry, Algebra, Philosophy, Production of goods and services Artisans, Guilds Engineering Military Engineering Early civil engineering – Heating systems, viaducts, roads, bridges, tunnels. EECS 2911

Historical perspective: 17th - 18th Century
Science Calculus, Logic, Chemistry, Physics Production of goods and services Still largely artisans and guilds Engineering Civil and Mechanical engineering EECS 2911

Historical perspective: 19th Century
Science Rapid advances in all areas. Biology develops Production of goods and services Industrial revolution; railroads for distribution Engineering Many core principles developed Ability to draw up specifications based on an understanding of the science and engineering principles Automobiles, telegraph, telephone, electricity, control Mechanical computing: Punched cards at IBM EECS 2911

Early 20th Century Early concepts underlying computer science
Information theory, concepts of computability Mass production World wars: Horror, but impetus for innovation Regulation of Profession fueled by key disasters Quebec bridge: Engineering in Canada New London School Explosion: Engineering in the US EECS 2911

Quebec Bridge Disaster: Aug 29, 1907
Quebec Bridge is (still) the longest cantilevered span in the world: 550m Le pont de Québec est le plus long en porte- à-faux au monde: 550, Collapsed during construction in 1907 Le pont s’est effondré pendant sa construction en 1907 75 workers killed / 75 morts EECS 2911

Quebec Bridge Disaster - 2
Bedrock location determined span length Theodore Cooper (New York) hired as consulting engineer. Responsible for design and guaranteeing bridge strength Beams, columns, shipped from Pennsylvania Two halves built from each shore to meet in the middle EECS 2911

As south side reached 200m, some compression members started bending “Serious”: Site engineer McLure Construction suspended Exchange of telegrams with Cooper for 3 weeks McLure then travels to New York Cooper convinced “Add no more load till after due consideration” EECS 2911

Chief site engineer Hoare mistakenly resumed work Collapse Royal commission findings: Serious errors in design Actual stresses above safe limits Consulting engineer Cooper rarely visited Chief site engineer Hoare not technically competent to supervise Communication problems EECS 2911

A realization developed that only competent, ethical people should practice engineering Professional engineering licensing introduced “Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer” (iron ring) instituted Another collapse in 1916 when hoisting new middle section into place kills 13 Bridge finally completed in 1917 Still in use, although a modern autoroute bridge is now next to it EECS 2911

Quebec and Pierre Laporte bridges today
EECS 2911

New London School Explosion: March 1937
Gas explosion due to faulty engineering killed over 295 students and teachers Prompted Texas and other states to require engineering licensure Shortly after the disaster, the Texas Legislature met in emergency session and enacted the Engineering Registration Act (now rewritten as the Texas Engineering Practice Act). Public pressure was on the government to regulate the practice of engineering due to the faulty installation of the natural gas connection. EECS 2911

Other Engineering Failures and/or Unethical Conduct
Engineering failures today De La Concorde Overpass Collapse in Laval (2006) Poor quality concrete and design flaws cause shear failure. 5 people killed, more injured. 4 engineers found responsible for unprofessional work by OIQ. 6 years after a similar overpass collapse in Laval (during construction). Montreal Construction Corruption Collusion, bribery and intimidation in bidding for construction jobs. City Engineers receiving bribes and kickbacks. Charbonneau Commission investigates and provides recommendations. EECS 2911

Other Engineering Failures and/or Unethical Conduct
O-ring failure, Challenger Space Shuttle Solid fuel vs liquid fuel (can’t throttle or turn of solid fuel combustion). Internal pressure when fuel ignites causes wall to buckle outward. O-rings used to help seal joints during expansion. Become ineffective at cold temperature. Minor O-Ring Failure at 11 oC. Launch temp expected -2 oC. Engineers warned against launch. Blow by occurred and ignited liquid fuel in shuttle causing explosion. EECS 2911

A Few Key People in Electrical Engineering
Volta, Ampere, Ohm, Faraday, Maxwell: Key electrical scientists that developed core concepts Joseph Fourier: Fourier Transform Samuel Morse, Charles Bright: Telegraphy Edison, Bell, Tesla, Westinghouse, Marconi: Key innovators in power, telephony and radio Claude Shannon: Information theory Charles Jenkins, Philo Farnsworth, John Baird: TV Darlington, Shockley: Transistors Jack Kilby, Robert Noyce: Integrated circuits EECS 2911

A Few Key People in Computer Science
Boole: Boolean logic Blaise Pascal, Charles Babbage, Ada Lovelace: mechanical calculating devices Alan Turing, John Von Neumann, Church: key concepts of algorithms and computing Grace Hopper: Compilers Vanevar Bush, Tim Berners-Lee: Hypertext, WWW Edsger Dijkstra, CAR Hoare: Algorithms Alan Kay, Adele Goldberg, Bjarne Stroustrup: Object orientation Donald Knuth: The Art of Computer Programming Marvin Minsky, Herbert Simon: Artificial Intelligence Niklaus Wirth, John McCarthy: Programming languages Bill Joy, Linus Torvalds: Unix/Linux Bill Gates, Steve Jobs: Corporate innovators EECS Lethbridge

Key companies Consolidated Edison General Electric Westinghouse IBM AT&T Xerox Digital Equipment Corporation / Compaq / HP Sperry / Unisys Northern Electric -> Northern Telecom -> Nortel-> Ciena Microsoft Apple Google EECS 2911

Key institutions AIEE + IRE = IEEE – 129 years of history IEE -> IET: Electrical Engineering in Britain ACM – Association for Computing Machinery CIPS – Canadian Information Processing Society EECS 2911

Rapid Pace of Change 1940s: The first computer is built
1956: First hard-disk drive weighed a ton and stored five megabytes 1964: Attempts at having a computer act like a human Eliza 1991: Space shuttle had a one-megahertz computer Today: Pocket devices hold a terabyte (230 ~= 109 bytes) of data Today: Automobiles have many 1GHz computers EECS 2911

Recent and upcoming developments: Electronics and power systems
Spintronics – harnessing electron spin Memristors – Low power consumption devices (memory resistors) When current flows in one direction, resistance increases When current flows in the other direction resistance decreases. Ubiquitous photovoltaics Smart grid EECS 2911

Recent and Upcoming Developments: Artificial Intelligence and Robotics
Artificial intelligence can solve a number of expert, difficult tasks Machine translation is becoming closer to reality Robotic devices are often special-purpose devices, and may require AI to function Can operate in space, in hazardous situations, or perform routine physically laborious tasks Machine Learning and Data Mining methods or algorithms enable adaptive systems Can help us understand patterns in data, e.g. for weather and business forecasting, detecting security violations etc. EECS Lethbridge

Recent and Upcoming Developments: Assisting the disabled
Restoration of abilities, productivity and independence Screen readers and scanners for the blind Speech recognition for the deaf Prosthetics with motion sensors EECS 2911

History of Computing & Engineering Histoire d’informatique et de génie

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