1. KINGDOM MONERA (CONT’D) FEBRUARY 29 TH 2016

2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES Identify and label structures of a generic Moneran Identify and Describe the four criteria through which Moneran are classified Describe the ways in which Moneran obtain/metabolize energy Describe the three ways Moneran reproduce

3. SHAPE OF THE DAY 1. Language of Biology – Practice (10 min) 2. Lecture (20 minutes) 3. Bacteria Research Mini Project – Remaining Time

4. HOW WE MAKE ENERGY Organisms get energy through metabolism, like fuel in a car. Metabolism a series of chemical reactions that produce energy. Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples

5. HOW WE MAKE ENERGY There are mainly two ways which organisms can use (metabolize) the energy that they get 1.Respiration 2.Fermentation Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples

6. HOW WE MAKE ENERGY Cellular Respiration Metabolic process that requires oxygen Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples C6H12O6 + O2 => CO2 + H2O + 36ATP (Energy!)

7. HOW WE MAKE ENERGY Fermentation Metabolic process that DOES NOT require oxygen Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples

8. HOW WE MAKE ENERGY Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples

9. HOW WE MAKE ENERGY 1.Obligate Aerobes: Monerans that need oxygen in order to produce energy (aerobic respiration) 2. Obligate Anaerobes: Monerans that will die in the presence of oxygen 3. Facultative Anaerobe: Monerans that can produce energy in oxygen, but switch to fermentation if there is no oxygen. Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples

10. HOW WE MAKE ENERGY Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples Which of these tubes contain 1.Obligate anaerobic bacteria? 2.Facultative anaerobic bacteria? 3.Obligate aerobic bacteria?

11. Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples The process of fermentation probably began when the Earth lacked oxygen. HOW WE SHAPED THE EARTH 4 3 21

12. Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples HOW WE SHAPED THE EARTH 4 3 21 Cyanobacteria appeared 200 million years before oxygen appeared on Earth.

13. Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples HOW WE SHAPED THE EARTH Cyanobacteria produced oxygen … and lead to one of the greatest events on earth

14. Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples HOW WE SHAPED THE EARTH Cyanobacteria created the Great oxidation event. It lead to the extinction of most obligate anaerobes

15. Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples HOW WE SHAPED THE EARTH But it also lead to an explosion of new life on earth which now used cellular respiration Cyanobacteria helped to make possible all life as we know it today.

16. GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples Bacteria can reproduce in three ways 1.Binary Fission 2.Conjugation 3.Spore Production

17. GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples Bacteria can reproduce in three ways 1.Binary Fission 2.Conjugation 3.Spore Production Escherichia coli

18. GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples E. Coli reproduce every 20 minutes… If you had one E. coli bacterium… How long would it take for the Earth to be covered in E. coli? Escherichia coli 2 um (2/1000 of a mm)

19. DIVIDE AND CONQUER Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples 36 hours Asexual reproduction Allows organisms to grow at astonishing rates!! Escherichia coli

20. GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples Can bacteria have sex?

21. SEXY BACTERIA Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples

22. SEXY BACTERIA

23. DIVIDE AND CONQUER Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples 1.A long bridge of protein forms. Some genetic information is transferred to the bacteria

24. DIVIDE AND CONQUER Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples 2. One strand of plasmid DNA (a small piece of DNA separate from chromosomal DNA) is transferred from the donor cell to the recipient cell

25. DIVIDE AND CONQUER Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples 3. The plasmid DNA in both cells is replicated and the recipient now has a new combination of genes

26. DIVIDE AND CONQUER Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples Some bacteria reproduce by binary fission only, but some can use both methods. Why have two methods of reproduction?

27. AND WHEN TIMES GET REALLY BAD When growth conditions become very unfavourable, some bacteria can form super tough spores and stay dormant (inactive) until conditions improve Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples

28. AND WHEN TIMES GET REALLY BAD Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples

29. AND WHEN TIMES GET REALLY BAD Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples