1. LINGUISTIK FUNGSIONAL
Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A., Ph.D.
Program Doktor Linguistik
Sekolah Pascasarjana – USU

2. Pengertian Fungsional
Bahasa terstruktur berdasarkan fungsi apa yang dilakukan bahasa untuk manusia. Untuk tujuan apakah bahasa digunakan?
Metafungsi bahasa
Setiap unit bahasa fungsional terhadap unit yang lebih besar, yang di dalamnya unit itu berada.

3. Metafungsi Bahasa 1. Ideational Function (draw, describe)
Experiential function (represent)
Logical function (relate)
2. Interpersonal Function (exchange)
3. Textual Function (organize)
Tata Bahasa (Lexicogrammar): realization of the three metafunctions in linguistic unit: wording

4. Experiential Function
CLAUSE as a unit of experience
Three elements representing experience in CLAUSE
Process
Participants
Circumstance
Process, Participant: Obligatory; Participant--implicit; Circumstance: Optional
He bought a book yesterday.

5. Process Nucleus of experience: atomic or solar systems
Attract or bind the Participant(s)
Valency
avalent (rain, snow…)
monovalent (walk, go, sleep…)
bivalent (hit, see, meet…)
trivalent (send, buy, tell…)
quavalent (do, build, make…)
He made me a box for pleasure.
Circumstance is not governed by Process

6. Types of Process Tyes of Process Semantic criteria Syntactic Criteria
1. Material
outside human being
physical
V+ING
run, walk, write, do…
2. Mental
inside human being
not in V+Ing

7. Types of Process (cont)
2. Mental
psychological
one human participant
reversible in participant
-cognition
affection
perception
That-clause (projection)
-know, realize, remember..
-like, love, hate, enjoy…
-see, feel, hear..

8. Types of Process (cont)
3. Relational
Inside and outside
-identification
-attribution
-possession
N Λ BE Λ N
N Λ BE Λ ADJ
N Λ BE Λ ADV
BE (is, are, was..) become, sound, look, play…
4. Behavioural
Physiological
smile, laugh, sleep, bow, die…

9. Types of Process (cont)
5. Verbal
information
human and non-human participant
that-clause (projection)
say, tell, ask, order, instruct …
6. Existential
existence of entity
There Λ BE …
There is a car in the park.
BE, come, go…

10. Labels of Participants
Process
Participant I
Participant II
Material
Mental
Relational
Identification
Attribution
Possession
Actor
Senser
Token
Carrier
Possessor
Goal
Phenomenon
Value
Attribute
Possessed

11. Labels of Participants (cont)
4. Behavioural
5. Verbal
6. Existential
Behaver
Sayer --
Verbiage
Existent

12. Other Participant Functions
Participant III
1. Beneficiary
Material : Recipient (to), Client (for)
Verbal : Receiver
Relational: Beneficiary
Beneficiary: participant to whom/which or for whom/which the process + Participant II is addressed or said to take place
He sent me a letter. (Beneficiary: Recipient)
He bought me a book. (Beneficiary: Client)
He told us a story. (Beneficiary: Receiver)
Ben played Hamlet for the audience. (Beneficiary)
2. Range
a. Range: the element (participant) that specifies the range or scope of the process.
She sang a song (Range: Material)
John smoked cigars (Range: Material)
She smiled a nice smile (Range: Behavioural)
She enjoyed the scenery (Range: Verbal)
John Played the piano (Material)

13. Other Participant Functions (cont)
b. Range as another name for the process
She had a bath (bathed)
We do some work (work)
I will take a look (look)
She gave me a smile (smiled)
We do a little dance (dance)
Kami mengadakan pertemuan (bertemu)
Mereka membuat perencanaan (berencana)

14. Circumstance Types Subcategory Probe Example 1. Extent temporal
spatial
for how long?
how far?
For three hours
every two weeks
for six miles

15. Circumstance (cont) 2. Location temporal spatial when? where?
yesterday
Last week
here
in the room
3. Manner
4. Cause --
how?
why?
quickly
very much
because of the rain
for better result

16. Circumstance (cont) 5. Contingency in what circumstances?
in the event of rain
in the absence of proof
6. Role
what as?
as a concerned parent
as an acting manager

17. Circumstance (cont) 7. Matter 8. Accompaniment what about?
together with?
about this
about economics
with(out) friends
instead of the man
9. Angle
says who?
according to weather forecast

18. Analisis Adik memukul kucing kemarin.
Pelaku Proses: Material Gol Sirkumstan:
Lokasi:
Waktu
Adik melihat kucing kemarin.
Pengindera Proses: Mental Fenomenon Sirkumstan:
Adik memanggil kucing
buku saya anak si Ani
istri saya anak si Ali
mata saya anak Medan

19. How are meanings made? action reflection 1st/2nd person regulatory
interactional
3rd person
instrumental
personal
form of
consciousness
domain
of experience

20. Protolanguage I want I think you to play with me Let’s be together
(‘how the world should be’)
I think
(‘how the world is’)
you to play with me
Let’s be together
the book to be there
that’s nice
inner
(mental)
outer
(material)
intersubjective
‘you and me’
objective
‘he, she, it’

21. Plane of Content and Expression Plane
The protolanguage microfunction or proto-microfunction is the plane of content or meaning plane. They are elastic like rubber and are potential for development. The proto-microfunction is coded by phonetic/kinetic interface such as v.h.p.s (very high-pitched squeak [do…do ])
Proto-microfunction
Phonetic/kinetic representation

22. Semogenesis
The protolinguistic redundancy evolves to metaredundancy of the adult language.
The protolanguage: bi-stratal evolves to tri-stratal (potentially n-strata). Evolution of language or semohistory covers
Phylogenetic (how meaning evolves in the system)
Ontogenetic (how it develops in individuals)
Logogenetic (how it unfolds in text)

23. Bi-and Tri-Stratal Phonology Semantics Lexicogrammar Content Plane
Expression Plane
(phonetic/kinetic coding)
Phonology
Semantics
Lexicogrammar

24. Metaredundancy
s t u
p q r
l m n
a b c

25. Metaredundancy (cont)
General semiotics: bi-stratal
Language semiotics: tristratal — p q r redounds not with l m n but with the redundancy of l m n with a b c. (semantics-lexicogrammar-phonology)
p q r (l m n a b c)
s t u (p q r (l m n a b c))

26. Metaredundancy (cont)
(p q r l m n) a b c))
((s t u p q r) l m n) a b c
Genre (Register (Semantics (Lex.Grammar Phonology)))
((((Genre Register) Semantics)) Lex.Grammar))) Phonology))))

27. Realization and Instantiation
Realization: interstratal
Instantiation: intrastratal
Realization: Field Ideational
Instantiation: Declarative I went to the library.
Realization of meaning is not biunique rather one to many

28. Realization and Instantiation
Field (Science)
Paratactic
1+2
Taxis
Logical
Function
Hypotactic
Expansion
Elaboration =
a X b
Logicosemantic
Relation
Extension +
Enhancement X
Locution “
Projection
Idea ‘

29. Realization and Instantiation (cont)
a X b
The rails extend because they are heated by the sun beam.
Iron, copper, zinc, water and other metals are called conductor because they pass on electric current.