1. Practical Pathology

2. Inflammation
1. Macroscopic signs: Symptoms 2. Microscopic signs: Inflammatory response

3. 1. Gross Heart fibrinous inflammation Type:
The pericardium should be shiny and smooth. In this case of pericarditis, exudation of fibrinogen containing fluid from vessels has led to fibrin deposition.(Mechanism-
Pathogenesis)
Type:
(Non- suppurative
acute inflammation)
(Pericarditis)

4. 2. Brain, purulent (Suppurative) inflammation
Acute purulent (Suppurative) inflammation (Type)
Caused by Haemophilus influenza (Cause- Etiology).
Foci of white tan purulent exudates are evident over the surface
of the brain.
Acute meningitis

5. 3. Uterus, fallopian tubes & ovaries, acute inflammation
Note that the fallopian tubes are hemorrhagic and edematous, so much so that the architecture of the right tube and ovary is obscured. Pathological characteristics
The right fallopian tube and ovary have been converted into a single,
irregular,
inflamed mass.
(Gross signs-
Symptoms)

6. 4. Chronic viral hepatitis with Liver cirrhosis (cut surface)
This is a cirrhotic liver due to chronic viral hepatitis. Nodules of regenerative liver parenchyma are separated by bands of fibrous scar tissue,
which appear
as tan areas.
(Pathological
characteristics)

7. 5. Colon, pseudomembranous colitis Membranous inflammation) Clostridium difficile
A yellow pseudomembrane covering a congested colonic mucosa. It is caused by Clostridium difficile. (Cause or etiology). Prolonged treatment with antibiotics like Clindamycin, can destroy the balance of normal intestinal flora, allowing overgrowth of Clostridium difficile,
which causes a pseudomembrane
made up of fibrin with necrotic tissue
Pathogenesis (mechanism)
(Type of inflammatory exudate)
Membranous inflammation (Type)

8. 2. Microscopic signs: Inflammatory response Microscopy 2 Pictures: 1 Normal 1 disease

9. Normal lung: appears as mostly empty space
Normal lung: appears as mostly empty space. Alveoli have thin walled with a thin epithelial cell
through which oxygen and carbon
dioxide diffuse into the capillary
lumen
1. Lung, fibrinous and haemorrhagic inflammation, pneumonia In the lung parenchyma, the normal empty alveolar spaces are filled with leukocytes, erythrocytes and pink fibrin. (Characteristic features)

10. Normal cervix with non-keratinized squamous epithelium merges at the transformation zone to endocervix lined by tall mucinous columnar cells.
2. Uterine cervix, chronic cervicitis.
Chronic inflammatory infiltrate, lymphoid follicle, an indicator of chronic inflammation. (Type) (Pathological characteristics)

11. Normal liver In the center is the portal triad, surrounded by radiating cords of hepatocytes that are separated by narrow sinusoids (the hepatic lobule). Note the small number of inflammatory cells. The portal triad is clearly bordered by the surrounding hepatocytes.
3. Acute viral hepatitis
Mild case of acute hepatitis due to hepatitis B virus, there is mild sinusoidal inflammation, ballooning of the cytoplasm in degenerating hepatocytes is demonstrated.

12. Normal liver
3.  Chronic viral hepatitis
Caused by: Chronic viral hepatitis (hepatitis B virus)
(Characteristic features) Chronic inflammatory infiltrate is limited to the portal area

13. Normal liver 5. Chronic hepatitis with liver cirrhosis
liver cell necrosis and fibrosis, dense bands of fibrous connective tissue separating nodules of abnormal regenerating hepatocytes.
Inflammatory cells within the fibrous bands.

14. Questions
1- Identify the spot 2- What is the type of inflammation? 3- What are the pathological characteristics of the specimen? Mention the characteristic (gross or microscopic) features of the specimen? 4- What type of inflammatory exudate is present in this specimen? 5- What is the etiology of the disease? Mention the pathogenesis (mechanism) of this inflammation? 6- What features of chronic inflammation can you see in this picture? 7- What gross signs of acute inflammation can you see in this picture?

15. Question 1 1- Name of the picture
2- Name of organism causing this type of inflammation

16. Question 2 1- Name of picture B
2- What are the characteristic features of this specimen

17. Question 3 1- Name of picture
2- Mechanism (pathogenesis) of this type of inflammation
3- What is the type of inflammation?