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Centrifuges By Magnus Manske (Own work) [CC BY 1.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/1.0), GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/)], via Wikimedia Commons
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Quiz Clinical Use History Specifications Principles of Operation Block Diagram Commercial Examples Preventive Maintenance Common Problems Test Procedures Summary
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1707-1751 - English engineer Benjamin Robins invented a whirling arm apparatus to determine drag 1864 - Antonin Prandl invented the first dairy centrifuge in order to separate cream from milk History Wikitanvir (2010), Portrait of Benjamin Robins [painting]. Reproduction courtesy of the Supreme Court Historical Society
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1879 - Gustaf de Laval demonstrated the first continuous centrifugal separator 1926 Theodor Svedberg Nobel Prize for invention of the ultracentrifuge 1940 - SPINCO produced the first commercial ultracentrifuge History Celsius~commonswiki (2005), Gustaf de Laval [photograph]. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:GustafD eLaval.jpg Unknown Author (1929), Theodor Svedberg [photograph]. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The- svedberg-1.jpg
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Clinical Use Separating plasma from the blood suspension Wikipedia. “Laboratory Centrifuge.” Wikipedia, p. 1-12. Retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Laboratory_centrifuge
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Separate substances of different densities Make a counterbalance for the centrifuge tube you want to put in the centrifuge Principles of Operation Occupational Safety and Health Administration. “Laboratory Safety: Centrifuges.” OSHA. Last update: August, 2011. Retrieved from: https://www.osha.gov/Publications/laboratory/OSHAquickfacts-lab- safety-centrifuges.pdf
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Principles of Operation The acceleration is measured in multiples of "g“, the standard acceleration due to gravity at the Earth's surface, or × "g", and it is given by where g = acceleration r = rotational radius (centimeter, cm) N = rotating speed (revolutions per minute, r/min) RCF=rational canonical form
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ManualElectrical Principles of Operation Wikipedia. “Laboratory Centrifuge.” Wikipedia, p. 1-12. Retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Laboratory_centrifuge Nadina Wiórkiewicz (2011), Beckman SW28 centrifuge rotor [photograph]. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File :Beckman_SW28_centrifuge_rotor_1.jpg
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Principles of Operation Types: - Table Top - Floor Mount - Micro centrifuge (hematocrit) - Refrigerated - Cell Washer
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Separation Methods - Centrifuges Types of Separation Differential Isopycnic Rate Zonal Types of Centrifuges Ultracentrifuge (1000000g = 9800 km/s²) - Analytical - Preparative High Speed Table Top Clinical Microfuges Wikipedia. “Laboratory Centrifuge.” Wikipedia, p. 1-12. Retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Laboratory_centrifuge
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Separation Methods - Centrifuges Differential (separates liquids from solids) Thomasione (2009), Differential Centrifugation [drawing]. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Differentielle_zentrifugation.png
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Separation Methods - Centrifuges Isopycnic (separation based upon particle density) Virginia Reid (2015) Isopycnic Separation [diagram].
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Separation Methods - Centrifuges Rate Zonal (separation based upon particle size) Virginia Reid (2015) Rate Zonal [diagram].
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Centrifuge RCF Classification
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Common User Problems 1.Incorrect Loading or Balancing 2.Incorrect Attachment 3.Consumable Failure 4.Overloading 5.Corrosion WHO. “Chapter 7: Centrifuge.” From the publication: Maintenance Manual for Laboratory Equipment, WHO: 2008, pgs. 45-49.
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Basic parts: –Speed motor –Timer (mechanical or electronic) –Rotor –Lid interlock (after 1990) Principles of Operation
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WHO. “Chapter 7: Centrifuge.” From the publication: Maintenance Manual for Laboratory Equipment, WHO: 2008, pgs. 45-49.
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Principles of Operation WHO. “Chapter 7: Centrifuge.” From the publication: Maintenance Manual for Laboratory Equipment, WHO: 2008, pgs. 45-49.
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Low speed centrifuges - up to 12,000 RPM High speed - 35,000 RPM (most refrigerated) Ultrahigh speed - 125,000 RPM (most refrigerated) Principles of Operation
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4. Centrifuge filtrate at low speeds ( 1000 X g for 10mins ) This pellets the nuclei as this is the densest organelle Principles of Operation BruceBlaus (2013), Nucleus [drawing]. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0212_CellNucleus.png
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5. Centrifuge at medium speeds ( 10 000 x g for 30 mins ) This pellets mitchondria which are the second densest organelle Principles of Operation Nevit (2010), Mitochondria [drawing]. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mitochondria.svg
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6. Centrifuge at high speeds ( 100 000 x g for 30 mins) This pellets ER, golgi apparatus and other membrane fragments Principles of Operation BruceBlaus (2013), Golgi Apparatus [drawing]. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_apparatus
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7 Centrifuge at very high speeds ( 300 000 x g for 3hrs) This pellets ribosomes Principles of Operation Vossman (2009), Ribosomes [image]. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ribosome_shape.png
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Controls Speed Timer Temperature
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Commercial Examples Wikipedia. “Laboratory Centrifuge.” Wikipedia, p. 1-12. Retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Laboratory_centrifuge
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Commercial Examples Matylda Sęk (2011), Beckman-Coulter preparative centrifuge [photograph]. Retrieved fromhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Beckman- Coulter_preparative_centrifuge_Avanti_J25-02.jpg
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Commercial Examples 2015, Centrifuge [screenshot] retrieved from https://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF- 8#q=centrifuge&tbm=shop
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Power supply (machine will not start) Lid closure switch- machine will not start Timer - bypass Rotor Motor (weakened, off balance/bent) -Not working properly -Making noise Lid does not open or close Common Problems
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Troubleshooting Cooper, Justin and Alex Dahinten for EWH. “Centrifuge Troubleshooting Flowchart.” From the publication: Medical Equipment Troubleshooting Flowchart Handbook. Durham, NC: Engineering World Health, 201
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Run a cycle with empty/balanced buckets or test tube holders. Test the motor speed (fluorescent bulb 60 Hz) Test Procedures
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Safety Do not bypass interlock! Centrifuge should be de-contaminated before working on it Never attempt to touch or stop a spinning rotor by hand or with another tool or object If handling blood or body fluids, use protection (gloves, mask, gown, etc.)
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Lubricate and clean motor Clean case Ensure tightness of rotor Verify that alarms are operating properly Ensure interlock is functioning If refrigerated, ensure temperature reading is accurate. Replace/repair gaskets, seals, and vacuum pump (if applicable) Check commutator, bearings and brushes if applicable Always check the rotor for any cracks. A cracked rotor MUST be discarded. NEVER attempt repair. Preventive Maintenance
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Questions ?
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