1. Imperialism

2. Following the Civil War, the US was busy with Reconstruction in the South, settling the Wild West, and becoming an industrialized nation ► Starting in the 1880s, many Americans believed the US should become a world power ► As European nations gained colonies and protectorates, the US started to see the advantages of imperialism

3. ► imperialism: a stronger nation controls a weaker nation or territory ► protectorate: a region with some local control, but protected and controlled by another power ► colony: a region possessed by a mother country

4. Causes of American Imperialism ► European competition ► power & prestige  Alfred Mahan’s The Influence of Sea Power Upon History: prosperous countries have ships for trade and a navy to protect trade ships  military bases necessary for a powerful navy; lands needed for those bases

5. Mahan

8. ► Trade opportunities  Needed raw materials  Tariffs had eliminated many foreign markets  Production exceeded consumption; new markets needed

9. ► new investment opportunities ► Anglo-Saxonism  Belief that white American culture was superior and needed to spread  Supported by Social Darwinism  Manifest destiny: US fated to spread its civilization and control overseas

10. Early Imperialism: Samoa and Hawaii Samoa 1870s: US interest in Samoa for its location in the Pacific 1878: protectorate relationship and military base at Pago Pago

11. Samoa 1889

12. Samoa (1722 European discovery) American Samoa 1899 (non-voting representation) Western Samoa (German) 1899 Western Samoa (New Zealand) 1914 Samoa 1962

13. Hawaii 1860s: Americans had established lucrative sugar plantations in Hawaii; with trade trips to China and Japan, the US used Hawaii as a “rest stop” 1887: sugar tariffs eliminated; US gains Pearl Harbor 1890: sugar tariffs returned; following year Queen Liliuokalani attempted to eliminate US influence in Hawaii

14. 1894: after the queen is ousted, the American planters established Hawaii as a republic with Sanford Dole as its president 1898: US annexed Hawaii (war with Spain prompted)

15. In the year 1800, Hawaiians owned and controlled all land; in the year 1893, it was estimated that native Hawaiians owned and controlled only 10% of the land

16. Hawaiian Queen Lili’uokalani

17. 1889 map of Samoa’s main islands Upolu & Savaii make up the current Samoa (which was the German controlled area in the 1890s Tutuila & Manu(a) make up the current American Samoa

18. Latin America ► US wanted to increase markets in region ► US wanted to assert (to European powers) its dominance in the region

19. Pan-Americanism: idea of James Blaine that the US and LA should work together Pan-American Conference (1889) ► Proposed a customs union and a system for settling disputes ► LA rejected both but agreed to a cooperative organization the Commercial Bureau of the American Republics (Pan-American Union)

20. Opposition to Imperialism ► Threat to Anglo-Saxon heritage ► Immoral to rule people against their will ► Costly to maintain an empire

21. ► There were enough domestic issues to handle ► It would draw the US into foreign disputes ► US history (Great Britain controlled American colonies)