1. Regions Regions Metals Metals Left of the staircase Left of the staircase High luster (shiny) High luster (shiny) Good conductors Good conductors Flexible Flexible Non-metals Non-metals Right of the staircase Right of the staircase Dull color Dull color Poor conductors Poor conductors Brittle Brittle Metalloids (semi-metals) Metalloids (semi-metals) Along staircase Along staircase Share characteristics of metals and non-metals Share characteristics of metals and non-metals (malleable and ductile)

2. Natural States of Elements Natural States of Elements Most are found combined with other elements Most are found combined with other elements Except: Noble Gases Ag, Au, Pt (noble metals) Some are diatomic Some are diatomic H 2 F 2 I 2 H 2 F 2 I 2 N 2 Cl 2 N 2 Cl 2 O 2 Br 2 O 2 Br 2 Some have more than one form Some have more than one formCarbon GraphiteDiamond Buckminsterfullerene (Buckyball)

3. Ions Ion - Ion - Formed Two Ways Formed Two Ways Adding Electrons Adding Electrons Cl + e - Cl - Forms a negative “anion” Anything with a charge 17 p + 17 e - 17 p + 18 e - Chloride ion Chlorine atom

4. Removing Electrons Removing Electrons Na Na + + e - Na Na + + e - Forms a positive “cation” Ion Names Ion Names Cations - use element name Cations - use element name Ca 2+ Calcium Ion Ca 2+ Calcium Ion Al 3+ Aluminum Ion Al 3+ Aluminum Ion Anions - end in “-ide” Anions - end in “-ide” F - Fluoride Ion F - Fluoride Ion O 2- Oxide Ion O 2- Oxide Ion P 3- Phosphide Ion P 3- Phosphide Ion 11 p + 11 e - 11 p + 10 e - Sodium atom Sodium ion (Nomenclature)

5. NameSymbol p+p+p+p+ nononono e-e-e-e- 537454 Practice: Practice: Mercury-168 Ion Iodide-127 Ion 887880 556555Cesium-120

6. NameSymbol p+p+p+p+ nononono e-e-e-e- 9214392 Homework: Homework: Sulfide-38 Ion Uranium-235 221816 283630 Zinc-66 Ion

7. Ionic Compounds Ionic Compounds Many compounds are “ionic” Many compounds are “ionic” Contain (+) and (-) charges Contain (+) and (-) charges Held tightly together Held tightly together Form a Lattice Structure Form a Lattice Structure + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - Conduct electricity (free flow of electrons) Conduct electricity (free flow of electrons) Charges must balance out to zero Charges must balance out to zero NaCl NaCl Na + +1 Na + +1 Cl - -1 Cl - -1 (High Melting Point)

8. MgCl 2 MgCl 2 Mg 2+ +2 Mg 2+ +2 Cl - -1 Cl - -1 Practice: Practice: Al + Br Al + Br K + O K + O Al + S Al + S Al 3+ Br - AlBr 3 K + O 2- Al 3+ S 2- It takes two negative charges to balance out the two positive charges from the Mg. K2OK2OK2OK2O Al 2 S 3

9. Nomenclature Nomenclature Monatomic Anion Monatomic Anion RbCl RbCl ZnCl 2 ZnCl 2 Al 2 O 3 Al 2 O 3 Polyatomic Anion (Same Thing) Polyatomic Anion (Same Thing) AgNO 3 AgNO 3 Li 2 Cr 2 O 7 Li 2 Cr 2 O 7 NH 4 CH 3 COO NH 4 CH 3 COO Aluminum Oxide (Just Name Ions) Zinc Chloride Rubidium Chloride Always ends in “-ide” Lithium Dichromate Ammonium Acetate Silver Nitrate