1. When Mikhail Gorbachev became
the leader of the Soviet Union in
1985, life in the Soviet Union
began to change.

2. Gorbachev wanted change.
He wanted to reform Soviet society.

3. Gorbachev implemented a new policy known as Glasnost or “Openness”.

4. Under Glasnost, freedom of speech and press were encouraged. This was
unheard of in Stalin’s time.

5. Gorbachev also wanted to make the Soviet economy more efficient.

6. Under Gorbachev’s Perestroika,
economic restructuring occurred.
Citizens were able to set up
their own businesses.

7. Greater efficiency was encouraged in factories as workers were
rewarded for increased output.

8. Gorbachev also abandoned Brezhnev’s, a former Soviet
leader’s, policy that the Soviet Union had the right
to interfere in satellite countries.

9. Gorbachev’s policies of Glasnost
and Perestroika produced many
changes.

10. Poland, a former Soviet satellite, elected a non-communist
government in 1989 led by
Solidarity and Lech Walesa.

11. In 1990, the Berlin Wall was
torn down.

12. Russia, Ukraine, and other
republics declared
independence.

13. With all of these changes, the
Soviet Union collapsed in 1991.

14. Of course, without a Soviet Union,
the Cold War ended.

15. While the collapse of the Soviet Union brought many
positive changes, problems
also arose.

16. Transitioning to a free market
economy has been difficult.
Unemployment and crime
have increased.