1. Early Medieval Europe (ca. 300-900)

2. Western Europe Barbarians! What do you think of? What images come to mind?

3. Western Europe The Germanic Kingdoms Farmers Relations with Rome The Good  Served in Roman military  Imitated Roman customs  Trade and alliances  Settled in Roman territory The Bad  Military conflicts  Sack of Rome (410)

4. Western Europe Sack of Rome (410)

5. Western Europe Leo I and Attila The Huns Nomadic fighters Based in eastern Europe  west! ATTILA THE HUN (r. 443- 454) Gaul and Italy (451-52) Approached Rome, encountered Leo I Plague, eastern forces  Hun withdrawal Hunnic Empire disintegrated (454)

6. Western Europe 2001

7. Western Europe Romulus Augustulus “Fall of Rome” Last Western emperors (455-476) Ruled fragments of Western Europe Romulus Augustulus (r. 475-76) deposed

8. Western Europe The Germanic Kingdoms (ca. 530) The Germanic Kingdoms The Visigoths The Ostrogoths THE FRANKS Clovis (r. 481-511)  Founded Merovingian dynasty THE ANGLES AND SAXONS Raids  settled along southeastern English coast The Vandals

9. Western Europe Questions?

10. Western Europe The Papacy Office of bishop of Rome One of five “patriarchal” bishops in Roman Christendom Perceived as “first among equals” by eastern bishops Filled “power vacuum” left by imperial absence in west…

11. Western Europe Pope Gregory the Great (r. 590-604) “Servant of the servants of God” Paradigmatic for medieval popes Papal affairs in West Supreme spiritual leader Supervised papal lands In touch with western monarchs Temporal authority Loyal subject of eastern emperor Sometimes had to act on his own authority in Italy

12. Western Europe Monasticism Solitary asceticism as way of life away from “world” Began in Egypt Reaction to worldliness of imperial church Kinds of monks: hermits, communal monks

13. Western Europe Benedictine Monasticism Founder: Benedict of Nursia (ca. 480-543) Began as hermit, lived in cave Reluctant abbot Established monasteries Rule Detailed Very successful For women too

14. Western Europe Abbey of Monte Cassino, above Cassino, Italy

15. Western Europe Spread of Roman Christianity in Western Europe The Franks Clovis converted  Franks followed Ireland Patrick (391? – 461?)  “I am greatly God’s debtor, because he granted me so much grace, that through me many people would be reborn in God…” (Confessio, 38) England Augustine of Canterbury sent Angles and king converted By 8 th century western Europe was predominantly Catholic, under spiritual authority of papacy

16. Western Europe Questions?

17. Western Europe Kingdom of the Franks Dominant in western Europe Ruled originally by Merovingians Ruled later by Carolingians Deposed last Merovingian Allied with papacy

18. Western Europe Charlemagne (r. 768-814) As king, ruled by God’s will Local rule: counts Regional governors  Implemented legislation  Collected taxes  Assembled armies Missi dominici Supervised counts

19. Western Europe Emperor Charlemagne Pope faced hostility in Rome  fled to Charlemagne To Rome Pope returned with Frankish escort Charlemagne arrived soon after Crowned augustus Christmas Day (800) Emperor Charlemagne and “new” Roman Empire?

20. Western Europe

21. Questions?

22. The Byzantine Empire Constantine and Constantinople The Eastern Roman Empire lived on… Based in CONSTANTINOPLE “New Rome” Residence of emperor Greek in culture

23. The Byzantine Empire Justinian and Theodora Who were they? JUSTINIAN: emperor (r. 527-565) Theodora: “Partner in Counsel” Justinian and Legislation: Codex Iustinianus Committee collected all imperial edicts  update, edit, simplify, codify them

24. The Byzantine Empire Justinian and Religion Emperor was directly involved in religion Sought unified “orthodox” Christianity  divine favor! Twilight of Paganism Pagans had to become Christian  lose property, or exile Closed Academy, Athens Ordered construction of HAGIA SOPHIA (537)

25. The Byzantine Empire Hagia Sophia

26. The Byzantine Empire Reconquest of the West Justinian’s dream: universal Roman Empire again Conquest North Africa (534) Italy (540) Southern Spain (552) Ultimate failure Bankruptcy Roman forces were overextended

27. The Byzantine Empire Mosaics Common in antiquity Bits of stone, glass  unified image

28. The Byzantine Empire

30. Virgin and Child between Sts. Theodore and George, 6 th or early 7 th cent. The Iconoclastic Controversy Emperors were hostile to icons, ordered their destruction (726) Controversy: iconoclasts vs. iconodules Conclusions Iconoclasm first condemned at Second Council of Nicaea (787) Feast of Orthodoxy (February 19, 843)  Response to resurgent iconoclasm  Iconoclasm reversed for good

31. The Byzantine Empire Questions?

32. Early Medieval Europe How was Europe different now from the classical past? How was Europe different now from the classical past? Politically? Politically? Religiously? Religiously? Culturally? Culturally?