1. Dr. Octavian Ţicu International Free University of Moldova How to Make a “Nation”? Reflections on the Moldovan Nation – Building Policies during the Soviet Period and After.

2. Country name: Moldova Official name: Republic of Moldova Language: Romanian National capital: Chisinau Independence: 27 August 1991

3. Moldova: 2006 Area: 33, 700 km² Population: 4.3 million inhabitants Frontier countries: Romania and Ukraine

4. Basic data Constitution adopted: 29 July 1994 Type of government: Parliamentary Republic Legislature: Parliament, 101 deputies elected for 4 years National currency: Moldovan Leu - $1= 13.5 MDL

5. Lecture's structure Bessarabia between Romania and Russia Making the Soviet Moldovan Nation – Moldova as a Soviet Republic. Republic of Moldova between political and national identity.

6. Part 1:Bessarabia between Romania and Russia Historical Background: Are the Moldovans and Romanians the same? Part of the Russian Empire (1812 – 1918) Within Greater Romania (1918 - 1940)

7. Historical Background: Are Moldovans and Romanians the same? Common roots of the ethno genesis. The Principality of Moldova (1359 - 1538) Under the Ottoman Empire (1538 - 1812)

8. Part of the Russian Empire (1812 – 1918) The period of autonomy (1812- 1828) From autonomy to “oblasti” (1828-1874) Within the Russian heartland (1874 - 1917)

9. Bessarabia Ethnic Constituency in the XIXth Century 1858 1897 Mold/Rom 600 th. – 66% 921 th. – 47% Ukrainians 120 th. – 13% 380 th. – 20% Jews 78 th. - 8.6% 230 th. – 12% Bulgarians 48 th. - 5% 103 th. – 5% Germans 24 th. - 2.6% 60 th. - 3% Russians 20 th. - 2 % 156 th – 8% Total: est. 1 mln 1, 935, 412

10. Within Greater Romania (1918 - 1940) The Myth of Union Bessarabia as an international problem… …and its impact on the integration Soviet subversive action and the “hard hand” policy Romanian Cultural Policies in Bessarabia

11. Bessarabia ethnic constituency during interwar period Romanians 1,610,757 56.2% Russians 351,912 12.3% Ukrainians 314,211 11.0% Jews 204,858 7.2% Bulgarians 163,726 5.7% Gagauz 98,172 3.4% Germans 81,089 2.8% Total: 2,864,402

12. Part 2 : Making the Soviet Moldovan Nation – Moldova as a Soviet Republic Historical Boundaries - Soviet Boundaries. Forging the Moldovan Soviet Elite Language … …and the Politics of Culture

13. Historical Boundaries - Soviet Boundaries Piedmont Principle and the creation of Moldovan ASSR (1924) The Emergence of Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic (1940 - 1941) Divided Soviet Republic (1944 - 1990)

14. Forging the Soviet Moldovan Elite Destroying the old... …building the new. Soviet Moldova as a “colonial” model The emergence of the native elites.

15. Language… Genesis of the Moldovan language – Soviet language reform in Moldovan ASSR. Language policy in the Soviet Moldova Two language – two people Bilingualism as a practice

16. …and the Politics of Culture History as a piece of resistance Inoculation of antiromanism Soviet Moldovan primordialism and symbolic markers of Moldovan identity

17. Development of the Moldovan Socialist Nation 1.The settling of Thracian and Illyrian tribes. 2.I – II c. A.D. – Latin-speaking colonists in Dacia 3.IV – VI c. – Slavs mixing the natives – Wallachs 4.XIV c. – Moldovans from Wallachs as result of East Slavic people and development of feudal society. 5.Late XVIII – Beginning XX c. – Moldovan bourgeois nation 6.The October Revolution of 1917 – Formation of a Moldovan Socialist Nation – completed in 1950s with the end of collectivization

18. Soviet Moldova ethnic constituency 1989 Moldovans 2,794,749 64.5% Ukrainians 600,366 13.8% Russians 562,069 13.0% Gagauz 153,458 3.5% Bulgarians 88, 419 2.0% Jews 65,672 1.5% Romanians 2,477 0.06% Total: 4, 335, 360

19. Part 3:Republic of Moldova between political and national identity From Moldovan to Romanian Language…and Back Competing Elites after the Independence One Country – Two Republics Is the Moldovenism settled?

20. From Moldovan to Romanian Language…and Back Language as issue of mobilization for Independence Return to Romanian language Reversal of the language policy

21. Competing Elites after the Independence Generation Dimension: Younger Intellectuals against Older Regional Dimension: Moldovan Political Elites versus Transnistrians Ethnic Dimension: Moldovans and Minorities Moldovan-Romanian Dimension: Intellectuals against Political Elites

22. One Country – Two Republics Union with Romania, Russian interests and the Separation Dnestr Moldovan Republic Gagauz Yeri ….what is next?

23. Moldova as a Confederation? Cyprus model? The Integration within Romania?

24. Is the Moldovenism Settled ? Neither province nor guberniia Our Home – the Republic of Moldova 1994 Constitution and the Institutionalizing of Moldovenism New dimension of Moldovenism under the Communist government

25. The 2004 Census by Nationality Moldovans 2,564,849 75.8 % Ukrainians 282,406 8.4 % Russians 201,218 5.9 % Gagauz 147,500 4.4 % Romanians 73,276 2.2 % Bulgarians 65,662 1.9 % Others 34,401 1.0 % Undeclared 14,020 0.4 % Total: 3,383,332

26. The 2004 Census by Language Moldovan 1,988,540 Romanian 554,814 Russian 540,990 Ukrainian 130,114 Gagauz 104,890 Bulgarian 38,565 Other 11,318 Undeclared 14,101 Total: 3,383,332

27. Vă mulţumim ! Thank you!