1. Injuries to the Tissues
Chapter 9
Injuries to the Tissues

2. Types of Injuries Cuts Abrasions Contusions Muscle strains
Ligament strains
Inflammation of the tendons
Joint dislocations
Fractures
Injuries to specific organs
Overuse injuries of the limbs and joints

3. Cell Basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms
Smallest structure capable of performing all activities vital to life
Cells and the tissues they form allow the body to perform the functions that are vital to life.
Breathing, eliminating waste products, and maintaining homeostasis

4. Tissues
Composed of similar cells that are specialized to perform a particular function
Four main categories
Epithelial
Connective
Nerve
Muscle

5. Controlling Bleeding All bleeding must be controlled.
Always wear gloves when dealing with blood or other body fluids.
Profuse bleeding (hemorrhage) is a serious, life-threatening condition.
Can lead to shock and death

6. Controlling Bleeding Bleeding can be internal or external.
Internal is often result of blunt trauma or a medical condition
External can occur from capillaries, veins, or arteries
Capillary bleeding is the most common type and occurs with most injuries
Applying a sterile pad and compression will usually control bleeding in minor cuts.

7. Controlling Bleeding Venous bleeding
Controlled by placing a sterile compress over the wound
A gloved hand applies direct pressure to the site.
Normal blood takes 4-6 minutes to clot; pressure should last at least 6 minutes.
Blood may take longer to clot due to some conditions (e.g., a patient on blood thinners).

8. Controlling Bleeding Arterial bleeding
Caused by a punctured or severed artery
Arterial blood is bright red and pulsates (spurts) because it is under pressure.
Must be controlled immediately to prevent shock
Direct pressure is the best method for controlling arterial bleeding.

9. Controlling Bleeding Arterial bleeding
Elevating the injured part can also help; however, do not move the extremity when there is a fracture or spinal cord injury.
If indirect pressure with elevation is not successful, use indirect pressure.

10. Controlling Bleeding Pressure Points Femoral artery Temporal artery
Carotid artery
Subclavian artery
Brachial artery
Ulnar artery
Iliac artery
Femoral artery
Popliteal artery
Dorsalis pedis artery

11. General Principles of Wound Care
Always wear gloves when handling wounds.
Control any bleeding.
Cleanse the wound.
Immobilize the injured part.
Apply ice (except for snakebite).
Handle the wound gently.

12. General Principles of Wound Care
Have a physician rule out infections.
MRSA

13. Guidelines for Applying Bandages
Always remove rings, watches, or bracelets from the patient if dressing a hand or wrist.
Try to leave fingers and toes exposed to check on circulation and sensation.
Use sterile material.
Control any bleeding.

14. Guidelines for Applying Bandages
Open the dressing package using sterile technique.
Touch only the corners.
Cover the entire wound.
Apply bandage snugly but not too tightly
Check for circulation.
Secure all loose ends with tape.

15. Guidelines for Applying Bandages
Put the bandage on in the position in which it is to remain.
Ask the patient how the dressing feels. If it is uncomfortable, rearrange it.
Stay within OSHA guidelines.
Provide the patient with instructions for wound care.

16. Superficial Injuries to Soft Tissues
Involve damage to one or more of the tissues surrounding the bones and joints
Can involve the skin, fascia, cartilage, muscles, tendons, ligaments, veins, or arteries
Wounds are open or closed.

17. Superficial Injuries to Soft Tissues
Abrasions
Lacerations
Avulsions
Puncture Wounds
Incisions
Calluses
Blisters
Bites and Stings
Hematomas
Contusions

18. The Muscular System Composed of over 600 muscles
Muscles are made up of bundles of tiny contractile muscle fibers.
Held together by connective tissue
Fibers initiate movement when they are stimulated by nerve endings.

19. Types of Movement Rotation Adduction Abduction Extension
Plantar flexion
Palmar flexion
Dorsiflexion
Eversion
Inversion

20. Types of Muscle Tissue Cardiac muscle Smooth (visceral) muscle
Makes up the walls of the heart
Smooth (visceral) muscle
Found throughout the body in the internal organs
Skeletal (striated) muscle
Attached to bones and produce movement upon command from brain

21. Injuries to the Muscle Tissue
Muscle strain
An overstretching or tearing of the muscles and/or adjacent tissues
Myositis ossificans
A condition in which calcium is produced within the muscle after a blow
Tendonitis
Inflammation of the tendon

22. The Joints
Allow movement according to their range of motion. Three categories:
Fibrous
Immovable joints including bones of the cranium, or skull
Cartilaginous
Slightly moveable
Includes vertebra in the spine

23. The Joints Three categories, continued: 3. Synovial Freely moveable
Includes the elbow, knee, fingers, etc.

24. Injuries to the Joints Ligament or capsular sprains
Dislocations and subluxations
Synovitis and bursitis

25. The Skeletal System
Provides a framework of support for the soft tissues of the body and protects the internal organs from damage
There are 206 bones that form the human skeleton and affect our movement in some way.

26. Five Functions of The Skeletal System
Provides support for muscles, fat, and soft tissues
Protects internal organs
Provides leverage for lifting and movement through the attachment of muscles
Produces blood cells
Stores majority of the body’s calcium supply

27. Signs and Symptoms of Bone Fracture
Pain at the site
Deformity
Edema (swelling) at injury site
Ecchymosis (bruising)
Grating or crepitus
Immobility
Numbness or tingling
Pale or cold skin due to impaired circulation

28. Types of Fractures Closed (does not break skin)
Open (bone protrudes through skin)
Avulsion
Stress
Greenstick
Impacted
Longitudinal

29. Types of Fractures Oblique Spiral Transverse Comminuted Blowout
Salter-Harris