1. Time, Self and Mind (ATS1835) Introduction to Philosophy B Semester 2, 2015 Dr Ron Gallagher ron.gallagher@monash.edu Office Hours: Clayton: Thu 1-2pm E664 (please email for appointment) Week 7: Self - Lockean Psychological Theory and Identity (4 tutorials left) Spock and Spock https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Ppo5YIYwTM Transporter Malfunction https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=geMGo2P94j4 Coma – Amnesia – Brainwashing The Measure of a Man https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vjuQRCG_sUw

2. What makes something the same thing over time? Locke: Memory; Reid: Persons are continuing entities; Butler: Memory presupposes personal identity, because there needs to be a consciousness to do the remembering; Parfit: Not identity, survival; Williams: Not psychological survival, bodily survival; Lewis: Connected temporal-person- stages.

3. AT1.3 (Due 10am September 21st) Searle’s Chinese Room argument attacks the Turing Test by trying to show that even if a machine passes the test it still may not be thinking. How exactly is the argument supposed to show this? AT2: Essay Assignment (Due: October 12, 10am) 3. On the question whether machines can think, Descartes and Turing are in strong disagreement. Evaluate the arguments on either side. Does Searle's 'Chinese Room' argument help resolve the debate?

4. The whole is/is not more than the sum of its parts

6. Theories of Language: Instinct Exposure – learning Codes – signals - symbolism Signals systems used by animals do not scale to ‘language’ Computer ‘languages’ are not language (codes are not language). How to test/recognize intelligence:- Creativity Learning Patterns Artificial Intelligence Embodiment Child Development and Learning Mimickry Turing Test Subjective Vague – not testing for specific intelligence The Dating Game Searle – A Circular Argument Imitation – duplication – copy –simulation - other minds

7. WeekBeginningTopicAssessmentReadings W127-Jul-14 Time - Introduction and Time Travel Readings 1.1 & 1.2 W203-Aug-14 Time Travel; Freedom, Determinism, and Indeterminism Readings 1.5 & 1.6 (sections 1-2 & 6-10) W310-Aug-14 Logic Primer AT1 Mon August 10, 10amReadings 2.1-2.2 W417-Aug-14 Mind- Dualism versus Materialism about the Mind Readings 3.1-3.2 W524-Aug-14 Mind - Can Machines Think? Computationalism and the Turing Test Readings 3.3 W631-Aug-14 Mind - Can Machines Think? Objections to Computationalism AT2 Mon Aug 31st, 10am Reading 3.4 W707-Sep-14 Self - Lockean Psychological Theory and Identity Readings 4.1-4.3 W814-Sep-14 Self - Identity, the Body & Person Stages Readings 4.4-4.5 W921-Sep-14 Knowledge What is Knowledge and Gettier's Account AT3 Mon Sep 21st, 10amReadings 5.1-5.2 28-Sep-14 Mid-semester Break W1005-Oct-14 Knowledge - Nozick's Account and Scepticism Readings 5.3-5.4 W1112-Oct-14 Knowledge - The Moorean Response AT4 Essay Mon Oct 12th Readings 5.5 W1219-Oct-14 Revision (no lectures, no tutorials)

8. Hurdle Requirements to Pass this Unit Your overall grade for the unit must be at least 50% You must achieve a grade of 40% or more on the final exam You must not fail more than one assessment task (not including Reading Quizzes) You cannot miss more than 3 tutorials Assessment Due DateAssessment TaskValue Mondays 10amReading Quizzes (10)5% (bonus) Mon Aug 10thAT1 (@600 words)10% Mon Aug 31stAT2 (@600 words)10% Mon Sep 21stAT3 (@600 words)10% Mon Oct 12thAT4 Essay (@1250 words)30% TBA Exam40%

13. AT3: Due Monday 21st September at 10am (@600 words, 10%) (1)What is Locke's theory of personal identity and what major challenges did Butler and Reid put to it? (2) Searle’s Chinese Room argument attacks the Turing Test by trying to show that even if a machine passes the test it still may not be thinking. How exactly is the argument supposed to show this? (Thoroughly explain your answers in your own words, and be sure to define any key terms and positions. 300 words max.)

14. AT3: What is Locke's theory of personal identity and what major challenges did Butler and Reid put to it? Essay Question:If you teletransport to another planet, we might wonder whether the resulting individual is you---whether you've really survived. Parfit argues that identity is not what matters when we consider our futures in such cases. How does he reach this conclusion by considering the problem of fission? Is this a good argument? Is there more reason to think that identity does matter to survival? (Here you might focus more on Williams or Lewis, rather than discussing them both in detail.)

15. Essay Topics Write on one of the following topics. 1. Time Travel William Grey claims that time travel has 'intolerable consequences'. Do you agree? Which of the alleged paradoxes of time travel pose the most serious threat? Is there any satisfactory way of meeting that threat? Required reading: David Lewis, 'The Paradoxes of Time Travel' William Grey, 'Some Problems about Time Travel' 2. Free Will Consider this argument: 'If the future is already determined, then it must be possible to know in advance what will happen. But, if that is so, then free will is impossible.' Do you agree? Is there any satisfactory way of acting freely if determinism is true? Required reading: David Lewis, 'The Paradoxes of time Travel' Richard Taylor, 'Freedom, Determinism and Fate' Kane, ‘Libertarianism’

16. 3. Thinking Machines On the question whether machines can think, Descartes and Turing are in strong disagreement. Evaluate the arguments on either side. Does Searle's 'Chinese Room' argument help resolve the debate? 4. The Self If you teletransport to another planet, we might wonder whether the resulting individual is you---whether you've really survived. Parfit argues that identity is not what matters when we consider our futures in such cases. How does he reach this conclusion by considering the problem of fission? Is this a good argument? Is there more reason to think that identity does matter to survival? (Here you might focus more on Williams or Lewis, rather than discussing them both in detail.) 5. Knowledge Gettier raises some serious challenges for the traditional account of knowledge. Nozick develops his tracking account in part to answer the problems identified by Gettier. After explaining both Gettier's challenge and Nozick's proposal, evaluate the strength of Nozick's proposal as a response to Gettier's challenge.

18. Reid – by invoking memory to define identity you are invoking the concept you are trying to explain. What is it to be a bearer of experiences?

19. Teleportation Imagine a teleport machine that works as follows. It scans and records everything about your body, down to the atomic level. That information is then sent to the receiving teleport machine, which reconstructs your body exactly from a stock pile of raw material. The scanning process destroys all the original atoms of your body. Question: Is this really a way to travel? Would you use it?

20. Teleportation

21. Imagine the machine breaks down. An exact duplicate of you is created at the destination, but the original you is not destroyed. Or what if two copies of you were created at the other end? Again, the person / people at the other end are psychologically continuous with you, But are they really you? Most people answer no – this kind of machine is not a way to travel. It just creates a duplicate of you (like an identical twin). Perhaps it is bodily continuity that really matter then, rather than psychological continuity. (Williams)

22. Parfit’s argument (1) Identity is a one-one relation that does not admit of degrees. (2) Psychological continuity need not be one- one and can come in degrees. (Fission and fusion cases) (3) What matters in survival is psychological continuity (whether your mental life continues on) Therefore: (C) What matters in survival is not identity. Lewis wants to accept all three premises, but reject the conclusion.

23. Temporal stages Lewis makes use of the idea that a person is a unified whole consisting of temporal stages or temporal parts. Think of a person as a four-dimensional object which is stretched out in time. At any particular time, only the temporal parts are present, never the whole person. This conception of identity through time should be distinguished from an endurantist conception, according to which the whole person is present at all the times that it exists.

24. Tensed Identity “You may feel certain that you count persons by identity and not tensed identity. But how can you be sure? Normal cases provide no evidence…. The problem cases provide no very solid evidence either. They are problem cases just because we cannot consistently say quite all the things we feel inclined to, We must strike the best compromise among our conflicting opinions. Something must give way: and why not the opinion that of course we count by identity, if that is what can be sacrificed with the least total damage?” Lewis, ‘Survival and Identity’, p. 227

26. 5. Knowledge Gettier raises some serious challenges for the traditional account of knowledge. Nozick develops his tracking account in part to answer the problems identified by Gettier. After explaining both Gettier's challenge and Nozick's proposal, evaluate the strength of Nozick's proposal as a response to Gettier's challenge.

27. What is the personal identity question? WHAT MAKES YOU YOU? Ask yourself “ What makes me me?” I am me. I remember things I did so I must be me. I am me because I remember being me. I am me because I have a continuous/continuing consciousness. I am me because I have a continuous/continuing body and mind.