1. Introduction to Orthodontics1

2. Definition of Orthodontic
Definition Æ Orthodontic is that branch of dentistry concerned with facial growth, with development of the dentition and occlusion, and with the diagnosis and treatment of malocclusion.
Thus, the study of orthodontics includes the growth, development and function of the total oro-facial complex, whilst orthodontic techniques are concerned with the technique of the treatment of malocclusion.
ORTHODONTICS
OCCLUSION & FACE s

3. Occlusion and malocclusion
Is the relationship of the maxillary and mandibular teeth when they are brought into contact.
Ideal occlusion
A theoretical concept based on
the ideal teeth position and arches relationships.
Normal occlusion.
An occlusion with minor irregularity of teeth position and or malrelationship between the arches which is satisfactory aesthetically and functionally.
Malocclusion.
An occlusion in which there is irregularity of teeth
position and or malrelationship between the arches in
any planes of space which is unsatisfactory aesthetically and functionally.

4. Ideal Occlusion It is a theoretical concept based on the
ideal teeth position and arches relationships.
It is rarely, if ever, found in nature. However, it provides a standard by which all other occlusions may be judged.

5. Normal occlusion
An occlusion with satisfactory irregularity of the teeth position and or relationship of the dental arches
“Six keys of normal occlusion” Andrews (1972)
1) Molars relation.
2) Angulation.
3) Inclination.
4) No rotations.
5) Contacts.
6) Curve of Spee.
These are also treatment objectives.

6. Malocclusion
An occlusion with Unsatisfactory irregularity of the teeth position and or relationship of the dental arches

7. Malocclusion
An occlusion with Unsatisfactory irregularity of the teeth position and or relationship of the dental arches
Convex Class II
Straight Class I
Concave Class III

8. Malrelationship of Malposition of Malocclusion dental arches teeth
Malocclusion is associated with one or more of the following
Malrelationship of
Malposition of
Malocclusion
dental arches
teeth
Antero-posterior
Single teeth
Class II Class III
Rotation Tipping
Vertical
Displacement infra-occlusion Supra-occlusion Transposition
Openbite Deepbite
Transverse
Space discrepancy
Crossbite Scissorbite
Crowding Spacing
Introduction to
Orthodontics

9. Etiology of malocclusion.
Malocclusion can occur as a result of different factors which are inherited or acquired
1) Skeletal factors.
2) Soft tissue factors.
3) Dental and local factors.
Etiology of malocclusion
4) Combinations.
Skeletal factor
Soft tissue
factor Malocclusion
Dental &
Local factor
Introduction to
Orthodontics

10. Etiology of malocclusion
• Skeletal Factors;
1) Anteroposterior.
2) Vertical.
Skeletal factors
3) Transverse.
4) Combinations.
Anteroposterior
Class II
Class III
Malocclusion
Vertical
Low angle High angle
Transverse
Crossbite
Scissor bite
- Introduction to
Orthodontics

11. Etiology of malocclusion Skeletal factors
- Introduction to
Orthodontics

12. Etiology of malocclusion
Soft tissue factor.
1) Lips.
2) Tongue.
3) Combinations.
Soft tissue factors
Lips
Morphology Function
Malocclusion
Tongue
Position Size
- Introduction to
Orthodontics

13. Etiology of malocclusion - soft tissue factors
Introduction to
Orthodontics

14. Etiology of malocclusion Dental & local factors
14) Trauma 13) Pathology
1) Teeth/arch size discrepancies
12) Abnormal labial fraenum
2) Ectopic
eruption
11) Chronic mouth breathing
3) Impaction
Malocclusion
4) Abnormal form
10) Habits
9) Retention of deciduous
5) Missing teeth
8) Transposition
6) Early loss of
deciduous or permanent
7) Supernumerary
181 DENT - Introduction to
Orthodontics

15. Dental and local factors
Transposition
Supernumerary
Early loss of incisor
Size discrepancies
- Introduction to
Orthodontics

16. Dental and local factors
Early loss of molars
Thumb sucking
Ectopic eruption
Introduction to
Orthodontics

17. Need and demand for treatment
Need for orthodontic treatment is the decision of the professional for the necessity of the treatment.
Whereas, demand for orthodontic treatment is the patient desire to seek treatment.
Ethically, no treatment should be started unless the benefit to the patient is feasible.
- Introduction to
Orthodontics

18. Benefit and risk of orthodontic treatment
Benefit is the gain to the patient by the treatment, while risk is the adverse event, harm, might occur during treatment.
Benefits
Risks
*Improve psychological well being *Improve self-esteem
*Root resorption
*Enamel decalcification *Gingival swelling, gingivitis *Ulceration, appliance trauma *Allergies, nickel
*Improve dental attractiveness *Improve function
*Reduce risk of incisor trauma *Reduce tooth migration
*Incomplete treatment *Relapse
*Align teeth
*Improve perio-support *Reduce problem of impaction *Support multidisciplinary treatment
*Loss of tooth vitality *Bacteramia
* Patient not satisfied with result
Introduction to
Orthodontics

19. Data base [case summary]
Steps for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment plan
Patient Interview
Clinical Examination
Radiographs Study models
Data base [case summary]
Problem list
Possible solutions
Final
Treatment Plan 1) 1) 1) 2) 2) 2) 3) 3)
Applicability Alternative Consent 3) 4) 4) 4)
etc
etc
etc
- Introduction to
Orthodontics

20. Orthodontic treatment options
Several options for orthodontic treatment;
1) No active treatment.
2) Interceptive treatment.
3) Conventional treatment.
4) Multidisciplinary treatment.
a) Orthognathic surgery
b) Ortho-implant
c) Ortho-periodontal
- Introduction to
Orthodontics

21. Timing of orthodontic treatment
1) Deciduous dentition.
No active orthodontic treatment
2) Early mixed dentition.
Interceptive Treatment
3) Late mixed and early permanent dentition. Conventional treatment
4) Permanent dentition.
Conventional treatment
Multidisciplinary treatment
- Introduction to
Orthodontics

22. Orthodontic appliances
Definition.
Orthodontic appliances are devices to correct or maintain the tooth position and or the occlusal relationship.
Type of orthodontic appliances.
Three types, removable, fixed and functional.
1) Removable appliances are orthodontic devices made from acrylic and wires that is clasped to the teeth and can be removed from the mouth by the patient.
2) Fixed appliances are orthodontic devices where attachments are fixed to the teeth and the arch wires or auxiliaries move teeth.
3) Functional appliances are orthodontic devices utilizes the forces of the orofacial musculature to correct arch malrelationship.
Introduction to
Orthodontics

23. Orthodontic appliances
Type of orthodontic appliances.
Orthodontic Appliances
Removable
Fixed
Functional
Active
Retainers
Activator
Frankel
Others
Straight-wire
Tip-Edge
Introduction to
Orthodontics

24. Removable Orthodontic appliances
Removable appliances are orthodontic devices made from acrylic and wires that is clasped to the teeth and can be removed from the mouth by the patient.
Components of a removable appliance
The main components are.
1) Active components.
2) Retention.
3) Anchorage.
4) Base plate.
Introduction to
Orthodontics

25. Fixed orthodontic appliances
Fixed appliances are orthodontic devices where
attachments are fixed to the teeth and the archwires or auxiliaries move teeth.
The components of fixed orthodontic appliances;
Tube
Archwire
Bracket
Spring
Ligature wire
Elastic Modules
Hook
Elastic
An illustration of the components of fixed appliance.
Introduction to
Orthodontics

26. Functional Orthodontic Appliances
Functional appliances are orthodontic devices utilizes the forces of the orofacial musculature to correct arch malrelationship.
There are several types of functional appliance.
Activator
Frankel 2
Twin-block
- Introduction to Orthodontics