1. Chapter 1 Marriage and Family: An Introduction

2. Chapter Sections 1-1 Marriage 1-2 Family 1-3 Changes in Marriage and the Family 1-4 Theoretical Frameworks for Viewing Marriage and the Family 1-5 Choices in Relationships—View of the Text 1-6 Research—Process and Evaluation

3. Marriage Marriage is still popular in the United States. 96% of U.S. adults age 75 and older have been married at least once.

4. Marriage Marriage: a legal relationship that binds a couple together for reproduction, physical care, and socialization of the children U.S. marriage: a legal contract between the couple and the state

5. Marriage Elements of marriage Legal contract Emotional relationship Sexual monogamy Legal responsibility for children Announcement/ceremony

6. Marriage Types of Marriage Polygamy: more than two spouses Polygyny: one husband and two or more wives Polyandry: one wife and two or more husbands Polyamory: multiple emotional and sexual partners Pantagamy: group marriage

7. Marriage--Application Match terms and descriptions: TermsDescriptions PolyandryHusbands + wives PolygynyAny of these forms PolygamyHusband + wives PentagamyWife + husbands

8. Family U.S. Census Bureau: A family is a group of two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption. Sociology: A family is a kinship system of all relatives living together or recognized as a social unit.

9. Family Types Civil union: pair-bonded relationship given legal significance in terms of rights and privileges Domestic partnership: cohabiting individuals given official recognition by a city or corporation

10. Family Types Family of origin (orientation): the family in which an individual is born and/or reared Family of procreation: the family an individual creates by getting married and/or having children

11. Family Types Nuclear family: family consisting of an individual, his or her spouse, and his or her children, or an individual and his or her parents and siblings Binuclear family: a family in which members live in two separate households Blended family (stepfamily): a family created when two individuals marry and at least one of them has a child from a previous relationship

12. Family Types Traditional family: two-parent nuclear family with the husband as breadwinner and wife as homemaker Modern family: dual-earner family Postmodern family: departs from the traditional and modern family forms

13. Family Extended family: includes a nuclear family and other relatives

14. Family—Application Match terms and descriptions: TermsDescriptions Civil UnionChildren, parents, and grandparents Binuclear familyStepfamily Extended familyCohabiting couple Blended familyDivorced family

15. Changes in Marriage and the Family

16. Changes Family changes with industrialization: Economic production to economic consumption Both parents working outside the home Families living in cities Increased mobility Emphasis on individual rather than family

17. Changes Last 60 years Divorce more common Gender role changes Greater importance of technology Delaying marriage Increased acceptance of family forms

18. Changes Marriage-resilience perspective Marriage is not in decline. The changes have had few negative consequences for adults, children, or wider society.

19. Theoretical Frameworks for Viewing Marriage and the Family Theoretical framework: set of interrelated principles designed to explain a particular phenomenon and provide a point of view

20. Theoretical Frameworks Social Exchange Framework Based on utilitarianism—idea that individuals rationally weigh rewards and costs Interactions and choices are viewed in terms of cost/profit. Power revolves around the ability to influence.

21. Theoretical Frameworks Family Life Course Development Framework Emphasizes important role transitions at different periods of life and in different social contexts Family Life Cycle Framework Emphasizes stages and developmental tasks

22. Theoretical Frameworks Structure-Function Framework Views the family as a social institution with values, norms, and activities meant to provide stability for the larger society Families – Replenish society with socialized members – Promote emotional stability – Provide economic support

23. Theoretical Frameworks Conflict Framework Views individuals in relationships as competing for resources Views conflict as natural and normal

24. Theoretical Frameworks Symbolic Interaction Framework Views marriages and families as symbolic worlds in which the various members give meaning to each other’s behavior Definition of the situation: Individuals constantly define situations and respond to definitions.

25. Theoretical Frameworks Symbolic Interaction Framework Looking-glass self: We see ourselves as we think others see us. Self-fulfilling prophecy: Expectations of behavior influence the behavior.

26. Theoretical Perspectives Family Systems Framework Views the family as a unit of individuals with established rules for interacting. Boundaries are borders between the system and its environment. Family systems may be open or closed.

27. Theoretical Frameworks Family Systems Framework

28. Theoretical Frameworks Feminist Framework Views marriage and family as contexts of inequality and oppression for women. Gender structures our experiences.

29. Theoretical Frameworks—Application Match frameworks and concepts: FrameworkConcept Family developmentCosts and rewards Family systemsFamily life course FunctionalistDefinition of the situation Symbolic interactionNeeds of society Social exchangeBoundaries

30. Choices in Relationships—View of the Text Not to decide is to decide. Some choices require correction. Choices involve trade- offs. Choices include selecting a positive or negative view. Choices involves different decision-making styles.

31. Choices View of the Text Choices produce ambivalence. – Sequential ambivalence: experiencing one wish and then another – Simultaneous ambivalence: experiencing conflicting wishes at the same time Some choices are revocable; some are not.

32. Choices Choices are influenced by the stage in the family life cycle. Making wise choices is facilitated by learning decision-making skills. Choices are influenced by global, structural/cultural, and media factors

33. Choices Social Structure includes institutions, groups, statuses and roles. Institutions: established and enduring patterns of social relationships (family, economy, education) Social groups: two or more people who share a common identity, interact, and form a social relationship (a family, a college class, a work unit)

34. Choices Mating gradient Women marry up in age and education. Men marry down in age and education.

35. Choices Status: a position a person occupies within a social group (father, mother, son, daughter) Roles: sets of rights, obligations, and expectations associated with a status (Mother nurtures and disciplines.)

36. Choices Choices are also influenced by culture: the meaning and ways of living that characterize a people in a society Beliefs: definitions and explanations about what is true Values: standards regarding good and bad, right and wrong, desirable and undesirable

37. Choices Media: television, movies, music, games, print materials

38. Choices Sociological imagination: the perspective of how powerful social structure and culture are in influencing personal decision-making

39. Choices—Application Match the term with the description TermDescription InstitutionSet of rights and obligations Primary groupPosition within a group Secondary groupSmall and intimate collection of people StatusEstablished patterns of relationships RoleImpersonal and formal collection of people

40. Research—Process and Evaluation 1.Identify topic. 2.Review the literature. 3.Develop hypotheses. 4.Choose data collection method. 5.Get Institutional Review Board approval. 6.Collect and analyze data. 7.Write up and publish results. Steps in the Research Process

41. Research Random sample: each individual in the population has an equal chance of being included in the study Control group: group that is not exposed to the independent variable Experimental group: group that is exposed to the independent variable

42. Chapter Summary Marriage involves social expectations. Marriage is different in different societies. “Family” can be defined in different ways. There are different forms of family. Family structures have changed over time. Theoretical frameworks explain and provide a point of view. Many factors influence our choices. Research is used to gather data about families.

43. Chapter Review 1.What is a marriage? 2.What is a family? 3.How have marriages and families changed? 4.What are the different theoretical perspectives for viewing marriage and the family? 5.What influences our choices about relationships? 6.Describe the research process.