1. The Theory of Evolution Notes: Chapter 15

2. Theory of evolution outline Scientific theory: Creationism vs. Evolution Darwin Natural Selection Types of adaptations 1. Structural 2. Mimicry 3. camouflage Evidence for evolution: 1. Fossils 2. Anatomy homologous structure: analogous structure: vestigial organ: 3. Embryology 4. Biochemistry

3.  Scientific theory: well-supported, testable explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the world

4. Two theories on how species emerge:  Creationism: Life originated from God, and God created different species Life originated from God, and God created different species  Evolution: Organisms have slowly changed over time to give us the species we see today

5. Charles Darwin: The father of evolution  1831- cruised on the HMS Beagle for 5 years  Studied plants, birds, reptiles on Galapagos Islands and saw that they were well-suited to their environments  Ex. Tortoises shells and finches’ beaks

6. Charles Darwin:  Natural Selection: “survival of the fittest” Organisms with favorable traits (adaptations) for a particular environment survive, reproduce, and pass on these traits to their offspring Fitness: ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its environment; result of adaptations

7. Types of Adaptations:  Structural: Have body parts that aid survival Have body parts that aid survival Example: Large teeth/ claws of mole rats to dig tunnelsExample: Large teeth/ claws of mole rats to dig tunnels

8. Types of Adaptations:  Mimicry: Organism copies another to deter predators Example: Harmless fly (wasp)

10. Types of Adaptations:  Camouflage: Organisms that blend in with their surroundings to escape predation Organisms that blend in with their surroundings to escape predation Example: peppered moth in 1800sExample: peppered moth in 1800s

11. Before the Industrial Revolution After the Industrial Revolution

12. Scientific Evidence for Evolution:  Fossils: Record of early life  First land animal Whale Evolution

13. Tetrapod Skeleton Horse Evolution

14. Scientific Evidence for Evolution:  Anatomy: body parts Homologous Structures: similar arrangement Homologous Structures: similar arrangement Example: Forelimbs of crocodiles, whales, & birdsExample: Forelimbs of crocodiles, whales, & birds Analogous Structures: similar function Analogous Structures: similar function Example: bird & butterfly wingsExample: bird & butterfly wings Vestigial organs: serve little or no purpose in today’s organisms Vestigial organs: serve little or no purpose in today’s organisms Example: eyes of blind mole ratsExample: eyes of blind mole rats

16. Scientific Evidence of Evolution:  Embryology: Similar development Example: vertebrate embryo development

18. Scientific Evidence for Evolution:  Biochemistry: Use of DNA, RNA, amino acid sequences Example: human and chimpanzee DNA is nearly 99% identical A hyena was once classified in the same group as dogs (canines), but DNA evidence now suggests it is more closely related to cats (felines).