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C1 Exam Revision with Questions and Markschemes This powerpoint covers all the material in the C1 topic you studied in year 10 and will need to know for.

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Presentation on theme: "C1 Exam Revision with Questions and Markschemes This powerpoint covers all the material in the C1 topic you studied in year 10 and will need to know for."— Presentation transcript:

1 C1 Exam Revision with Questions and Markschemes This powerpoint covers all the material in the C1 topic you studied in year 10 and will need to know for the chemistry part of your Science A exam at the end of year 11. Look at a few slides every week, try the exam questions and check the answers, then try some of the questions from past papers on the AQA website : http://www.aqa.org.uk/subjects/science/gcse/science-a-4405/past-papers-and- mark-schemes Good Luck! http://www.aqa.org.uk/subjects/science/gcse/science-a-4405/past-papers-and- mark-schemes

2 Atomic Structure and Equations Make sure you can name all subatomic particles, their position, masses and charges. Atoms in group 0 (The Noble Gases) have full outer shells; atoms in other groups have the same number of electrons in their outer shell as their group number. Elements in the same group will have similar chemical properties. Practise writing word equations and balancing symbol equations.

3 Exam Question 1. Fossil fuels contain carbon and hydrogen. 1 (a) (i) Use the Chemistry Data Sheet to help you to answer this question. Complete Figure 1 to show the electronic structure of a carbon atom. Figure 1 1 (a) (ii) Complete the word equation for the oxidation of hydrogen. hydrogen + oxygen..........................................

4 1 (b) The diagram represents a magnesium atom. Complete the table to show the name of each particle and the charge of each particle in the magnesium atom. (2 marks) Name of particleCharge proton+1 neutron______ _____________ 1 (c) Use the Chemistry Data Sheet to help you to answer these questions. Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence. 1 (c) (i) In a magnesium atom, the protons and neutrons are in the Core. nucleus. shell. (1 mark) 1 (c) (ii) The number of protons in a magnesium atom is the atomic number. mass number. group number. (1 mark) 1 (c) (iii) The sum of the protons and neutrons in a magnesium atom is the atomic number. mass number. group number. (1 mark)

5 Exam Question - Answers 1. Fossil fuels contain carbon and hydrogen. 1 (a) (i) Use the Chemistry Data Sheet to help you to answer this question. Complete Figure 1 to show the electronic structure of a carbon atom. Figure 1 1 mark 1 (a) (ii) Complete the word equation for the oxidation of hydrogen. hydrogen + oxygen.............hydrogen oxide or water 1 mark x x x x x x

6 1 (b) The diagram represents a magnesium atom. Complete the table to show the name of each particle and the charge of each particle in the magnesium atom. (2 marks) Name of particleCharge proton+1 neutron___0___ _electron__ 1 (c) Use the Chemistry Data Sheet to help you to answer these questions. Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence. 1 (c) (i) In a magnesium atom, the protons and neutrons are in the Core. nucleus. shell. (1 mark) 1 (c) (ii) The number of protons in a magnesium atom is the atomic number. mass number. group number. (1 mark) 1 (c) (iii) The sum of the protons and neutrons in a magnesium atom is the atomic number. mass number. group number. (1 mark)

7 Limestone Limestone = calcium carbonate Calcium carbonate decomposes on heating to produce calcium oxide and carbon dioxide Any carbonate will undergo thermal decomposition Quick lime = calcium oxide Add water → calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) Test for carbon dioxide: bubble gas through calcium hydroxide; insoluble CaCO 3 forms, which appears as a white precipitate

8 4Farmers can use calcium hydroxide to neutralise soils that are too acidic. Limestone is mainly calcium carbonate, CaCO 3. Limestone is used to make calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH) 2. aWhat are the two reactions used to make calcium hydroxide from limestone?(2) bExplain why calcium hydroxide neutralises soils that are too acidic. (2) cFarmers can also use powdered limestone to neutralise soils that are too acidic. Explain why.(2) dSuggest one reason why it may be safer for farmers to use powdered limestone instead of calcium hydroxide.(1) eSuggest one reason why powdered limestone costs less than calcium hydroxide. (1) fWrite balanced equations for the reactions in 4(a) (2) 5 Limestone contains calcium carbonate (CaCO3). 5 (a) Name the type of reaction that takes place when calcium carbonate is heated strongly. Name the products formed. [3 marks]

9 4Farmers can use calcium hydroxide to neutralise soils that are too acidic. Limestone is mainly calcium carbonate, CaCO 3. Limestone is used to make calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH) 2. aWhat are the two reactions used to make calcium hydroxide from limestone? Heat strongly to make CaO; add water to make the hydroxide (2) bExplain why calcium hydroxide neutralises soils that are too acidic. it is an alkali(2) cFarmers can also use powdered limestone to neutralise soils that are too acidic. Explain why.Limestone is calcium carbonate; carbonates react with acid(2) dSuggest one reason why it may be safer for farmers to use powdered limestone instead of calcium hydroxide. Calcium hydroxide is corrosive Limestone inert(1) eSuggest one reason why powdered limestone costs less than calcium hydroxide. Less stages in manufacture/no heating needed (1) fWrite balanced equations for the reactions in 4(a) (2) 5 Limestone contains calcium carbonate (CaCO3). 5 (a) Name the type of reaction that takes place when calcium carbonate is heated strongly. Thermal decomposition Name the products formed. Carbon dioxide and calcium oxide [3 marks]

10 Extracting and Using Metals An ore = a rock containing enough of a metal compound to make it economically viable to extract the metal Know the difference between environmental, economic and social reasons. Don’t confuse recycling with re-using! Cost of extraction is determined by energy requirements and the number of stages in the process.

11 5 Titanium is as strong as steel but is much more expensive. It is used to make jet engines for aircraft and to make replacement hip joints for people. a Give two properties that make titanium better than steel for making jet engines and replacement hip joints. (2 marks) b In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate. Titanium is made in batches of about 10 tonnes that takes up to 15 days. The main steps to make titanium are: Titanium oxide is reacted with chlorine to produce titanium chloride. Titanium chloride is reacted with magnesium at 900°C in a sealed reactor for three days to give a mixture of titanium and magnesium chloride. The reactor is cooled for 7 days, and then the mixture is removed. The magnesium chloride is removed from the mixture by distillation at very low pressure. The titanium is melted in an electric furnace and poured into moulds. Steel is produced at about 8000 tonnes per day. The main steps to make steel are: Iron oxide is reacted with carbon (coke) in a blast furnace that runs continuously. The molten impure iron flows to the bottom of the furnace and is removed every four hours. Oxygen is blown into the molten iron for about 20 minutes to produce steel. The steel is poured into moulds. Explain why titanium costs more than steel. (6 marks)

12 5 Titanium is as strong as steel but is much more expensive. It is used to make jet engines for aircraft and to make replacement hip joints for people. a Give two properties that make titanium better than steel for making jet engines and replacement hip joints.Resistant to corrosion; light;strong (2 marks) b In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate. Explain why titanium costs more than steel. (6 marks) Titanium – batch process; 10 tonnes takes 15 days to produce; many stages in manufacture; heated up, cooled down then reheated uses lots of energy; long manufacture – left for 7 days at one point; purification step (distillation) required; further heating by expensive electrical proces and finally poured into moulds; labour intensive Steel – continuous process making 8000 tonnes per day; cheap raw materials, few processes involved; fewer steps in process, less energy intensive, less labour intensive Needs to be continuous prose or bullet points with substantial sentences to get the QWC marks

13 4 Where copper ore has been mined there are areas of land that contain very low percentages of copper compounds. One way to extract the copper is to grow plants on the land. The plants absorb copper compounds through their roots. The plants are burned to produce copper oxide. The copper oxide produced from plants can be reacted to produce copper or copper sulfate solution, as shown below: 4 (a) (i) Complete the sentence. [1 mark] Using plants to extract metals is called ________________________________. 4 (a) (ii) Suggest two reasons why copper from these areas of land is not extracted by smelting. [2 marks] 4 (a) (iii) Complete and balance the chemical equation for the reaction of copper oxide with carbon. [2 marks].......CuO + C....................... + CO2 4 (b) Copper is produced from copper sulfate solution by displacement using scrap iron or by electrolysis. 4 (b) (i) Use the Chemistry Data Sheet to help you to answer this question. Give two reasons why scrap iron is used to displace copper. [2 marks] Copper oxide Produced from plants Add carbon and heat Add sulfuric acidCopper sulfate solution Copper

14 4 Where copper ore has been mined there are areas of land that contain very low percentages of copper compounds. One way to extract the copper is to grow plants on the land. The plants absorb copper compounds through their roots. The plants are burned to produce copper oxide. The copper oxide produced from plants can be reacted to produce copper or copper sulfate solution, as shown below: 4 (a) (i) Complete the sentence. [1 mark] Using plants to extract metals is called _____phytomining___________________________. 4 (a) (ii) Suggest two reasons why copper from these areas of land is not extracted by smelting. Low quality ore – not much copper in it; uneconomic as needs lots of processing so expensive [2 marks] 4 (a) (iii) Complete and balance the chemical equation for the reaction of copper oxide with carbon. [2 marks]....2...CuO + C.......2Cu................ + CO2 4 (b) Copper is produced from copper sulfate solution by displacement using scrap iron or by electrolysis. 4 (b) (i) Use the Chemistry Data Sheet to help you to answer this question. Give two reasons why scrap iron is used to displace copper. Iron more reactive than copper; iron cheaper than copper [2 marks] Copper oxide Produced from plants Add carbon and heat Add sulfuric acidCopper sulfate solution Copper

15 4 (b) (ii) Figure 4 shows the electrolysis of copper sulfate solution. Describe what happens to the copper ions during electrolysis. Books page 164/165 [2 marks]

16 4 (b) (ii) Figure 4 shows the electrolysis of copper sulfate solution. Describe what happens to the copper ions during electrolysis. [2 marks] Copper ions are attracted to the negative electrode; pick-up two electrons (or are reduced) to form copper atoms; copper metal deposited on negative electrode

17 Crude Oil Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons, each of which has a different boiling point. (Different number of C atoms = different boiling point.) Fractional distillation is used to separate these hydrocarbons: 1. heat the mixture 2. HCs with lower boiling points evaporate and travel up the column 3. HCs condense when they reach their bpt and are collected Cracking = splitting up long-chain alkanes into 1 alkene and another alkane; turn the alkane into a gas and pass over a hot catalyst To make ethanol: hydration of ethene with steam in the presence of a catalyst books page 172/173

18 Hydrocarbons Make sure you can draw and name simple alkanes and alkenes. General formulae: Alkane = C n H 2n+2 Alkene = C n H 2n Alkanes: C-C single bond, saturated, unreactive Alkenes: C=C double bond, unsaturated, reactive, used to make polymers Test for saturation: add bromine water. This is orange and goes colourless when it reacts with alkenes.

19 2 (b) Propane is a hydrocarbon. 2 (b) (i) Complete the displayed structure of propane. Draw in the missing bonds. (1 mark) 2 (b) (ii) Write the chemical formula of propane. (1 mark) 2 (b) (iii) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence. Propane burns in air to produce carbon dioxide and hydrogen. hydroxide. water. (1 mark)

20 2 (b) Propane is a hydrocarbon. 2 (b) (i) Complete the displayed structure of propane. Draw in the missing bonds. (1 mark) 2 (b) (ii) Write the chemical formula of propane. (1 mark) C 3 H 8 2 (b) (iii) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence. Propane burns in air to produce carbon dioxide and hydrogen. hydroxide. water. (1 mark)

21 2 (c) The table shows information about six hydrocarbons. Tick (/) two correct statements about the six hydrocarbons. Ethane and butane boil at temperatures less than 20 °C. Hexene and butene are alkanes. Butane and hexane are liquid at 0°C. Ethene and hexene each have a carbon-carbon double bond. (2 marks) HydrocarbonState at room temperature (20 °C) Boiling point in °C Ethane (C2H6)Gas-89 Ethene (C2H4)Gas-104 Butane (C4H10)Gas Butene (C4H8)Gas-6 Hexane (C6H14)Liquid+69 Hexene (C6H12)Liquid+64

22 2 (c) The table shows information about six hydrocarbons. Tick (/) two correct statements about the six hydrocarbons. Ethane and butane boil at temperatures less than 20 °C. Hexene and butene are alkanes. Butane and hexane are liquid at 0°C. Ethene and hexene each have a carbon-carbon double bond. (2 marks) HydrocarbonState at room temperature (20 °C) Boiling point in °C Ethane (C2H6)Gas-89 Ethene (C2H4)Gas-104 Butane (C4H10)Gas Butene (C4H8)Gas-6 Hexane (C6H14)Liquid+69 Hexene (C6H12)Liquid+64

23 Fuels Combustion = burning of fuels in oxygen Fuel + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water Impurities in fuels result in other types of pollution, e.g. sulphur in coal burns to form sulphur dioxide Nitrogen dioxide is made when nitrogen reacts with oxygen in car engines because of the high temperatures Global warming – talk about carbon dioxide! Ethanol made from fermentation of plant material such as sugar cane, or hydration of ethene can be used as biodiesel. Be prepared to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of ethanol made from each source with reasons

24 Exam Question 1 (b) Coal is a fossil fuel. Coal contains the elements hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen and carbon. Name two products of burning coal that have an impact on the environment. What impact does each of the products you named have on the environment? [4 marks]

25 1 (b) Coal is a fossil fuel. Coal contains the elements hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen and carbon. Name two products of burning coal that have an impact on the environment. What impact does each of the products you named have on the environment? [4 marks] any two pairs from: carbon dioxide (1) causes global warming (1) or carbon (particles) / soot (1) causes global dimming (1) or carbon monoxide (1) is toxic (1) or sulfur dioxide (1) causes acid rain (1)

26 2 (b) In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate. Crude oil is separated to produce the fraction petroleum diesel. Worries about low supplies of crude oil have led to the growing of large areas of crops to produce vegetable oil. Vegetable oils are used to produce biodiesel. There are economic, ethical and environmental issues about the use of biodiesel. Biodiesel and petroleum diesel are used as a fuel for cars. In a car engine the fuel burns and releases waste products through the car exhaust system. Table 1 shows the amount of waste products formed by biodiesel compared with the amount of waste products formed by petroleum diesel. (Note that ppm is parts per million.) Table 1 Use this information and your knowledge and understanding to give advantages and disadvantages of using biodiesel instead of petroleum diesel. [6 marks] Carbon dioxide in ppm Nitrogen oxides in ppm Sulfur dioxide in ppm Particulates in g per m3 Biodiesel20 00076000.3 Petroleum80 0007003000.6

27 2 (b) In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate. Use this information and your knowledge and understanding to give advantages and disadvantages of using biodiesel instead of petroleum diesel. [6 marks] 0 marks Level 1 (1–2 marks) Level 2 (3–4 marks) Level 3 (5–6 marks) No relevant content There is a stated advantage or disadvantage of using biodiesel or petroleum diesel. There is a stated advantage or disadvantage of using biodiesel or petroleum diesel with a linked consequence. There is at least one stated advantage and at least one stated disadvantage of using biodiesel or petroleum diesel with a linked consequence for each Advantages of biodiesel:  Produces less carbon dioxide  Produces no sulfur dioxide  Produces less particulates  Sustainable / renewable  Growing crops absorb carbon dioxide  Carbon neutral  Produces less acid rain  Conserves the limited amount of petroleum diesel Disadvantages of biodiesel:  Produces more nitrogen oxides  Deforestation for land  Destruction of habitats for land  Uses land that could be used for food crops  Creates food shortages  Crops are not reliable

28 2 Ethanol and vegetable oil are used as fuels. 2 (a) There are two different ways to produce ethanol: using ethene from crude oil using sugar from plants. 2 (a) (i) Ethanol is produced from ethene by hydration in the presence of a catalyst. What is hydration? [1 mark]

29 2 (a) (ii) Fermentation is used to produce ethanol from sugar by: dissolving the sugar in water adding yeast to the sugar solution leaving the mixture for three days. The diagram shows the substances after three days. Suggest: how the solid waste yeast is removed how ethanol is obtained from the solution. [2 marks] Solution of water and ethanol Solid waste yeast

30 2 Ethanol and vegetable oil are used as fuels. 2 (a) There are two different ways to produce ethanol: using ethene from crude oil using sugar from plants. 2 (a) (i) Ethanol is produced from ethene by hydration in the presence of a catalyst. What is hydration?[1 mark] Reaction with or addition of water/steam/H2O/hydrogen oxide

31 2 (a) (ii) Fermentation is used to produce ethanol from sugar by: dissolving the sugar in water adding yeast to the sugar solution leaving the mixture for three days. The diagram shows the substances after three days. Suggest: how the solid waste yeast is removed - filtering or decanting how ethanol is obtained from the solution. - distillation [2 marks] Solution of water and ethanol Solid waste yeast

32 Polymerisation Key terms: monomer, polymer Ethene → poly(ethene) Issues with plastics, e.g. use and disposal of bags New types of polymers: new packaging materials, waterproof coatings for fabrics, dental polymers, wound dressings, hydrogels, smart materials (including shape memory polymers).

33 7 Poly(butene) is a polymer made from crude oil in two stages. 7 (a) The first stage in making poly(butene) is to break down large hydrocarbon molecules from crude oil into smaller hydrocarbon molecules, as shown below: C 16 H 34 Reactor C 8 H 18 + C 4 H 8 + 2C 2 H 4 7 (a) (i) The products contain two types of hydrocarbon with different general formulae. Name the two types of hydrocarbon. [1 mark] 7 (a) (ii) Describe the conditions in the reactor. [2 marks] 7 (a) (iii) Suggest why air must not enter the reactor. [1 mark] 7 (a) (iv) Suggest a method that can be used to separate butene (C4H8) from the other hydrocarbons. [1 mark] 7 (b) The second stage is to use butene (C 4 H 8 ) to produce poly(butene). 7 (b) (i) Draw the displayed structure of a butene (C 4 H 8 ) molecule. [1 mark] 7 (b) (ii) Describe how molecules of butene (C 4 H 8 ) form poly(butene) [2 marks]

34 7 Poly(butene) is a polymer made from crude oil in two stages. 7 (a) The first stage in making poly(butene) is to break down large hydrocarbon molecules from crude oil into smaller hydrocarbon molecules, as shown below: C 16 H 34 Reactor C 8 H 18 + C 4 H 8 + 2C 2 H 4 7 (a) (i) The products contain two types of hydrocarbon with different general formulae. Name the two types of hydrocarbon. Alkanes and alkenes or unsaturated and saturated hydrocarbons [1 mark] 7 (a) (ii) Describe the conditions in the reactor. High temperature allow 300-900 °C; catalyst or steam [2 marks] 7 (a) (iii) Suggest why air must not enter the reactor. Oxygen would react with/burn with hydrocarbons/possibly explode [1 mark] 7 (a) (iv) Suggest a method that can be used to separate butene (C 4 H 8 ) from the other hydrocarbons. Fractional distillation [1 mark]

35 7 (b) The second stage is to use butene (C 4 H 8 ) to produce poly(butene). 7 (b) (i) Draw the displayed structure of a butene (C 4 H 8 ) molecule. [1 mark] 7 (b) (ii) Describe how molecules of butene (C 4 H 8 ) form poly(butene) [2 marks] many monomers or many butene molecules form chains or very large molecules Allow double bond makes single bond if no other mark

36 Plant Oils Steam distillation is used to extract oils from plants. Remember, any oil extracted will form a separate layer to water soluble compounds. Making margarine: hydrogenation of vegetable oil, nickel catalyst, 60 o C. Saturated v. unsaturated fats - be aware of the issues Emulsions: mixture of oil and water using an emusifier. The tail of an emulsifier is hydrophobic and the head is hydrophilic.

37 6Olives are the fruits of the olive tree. Olive oil is extracted from olives. aUse a word from the list to complete the sentence. condensedevaporatedpressed In the first step to extract the oil the olives are crushed and..................(1) bThis gives a mixture of liquids and solids that is left to settle. Why does the olive oil separate from the water? (1) C The olive oil is removed from the water and filtered to remove any small pieces of solids.Suggest two reasons why separating olive oil by this method is better than separating it by distilling.(2) D Olive oil can be used as a fuel. Explain why.(2) E Food can be cooked in olive oil. Give one advantage and one disadvantage of cooking food in olive oil.(2) F Olive oil can be used with vinegar to make salad dressings. Name the type of substance that is added to salad dressings to stop them from separating.(2)

38 6 a pressed b (oil) does not mix (with water) c Any two from: does not damage/decompose the oil, does not change its flavour, does not damage nutrients, does not use (fossil) fuel/energy for heating. d (olive oil/it) burns (in air) produces energy e One advantage from: different/better flavour, different/ better texture e.g. crisper, provides more energy, (mono) unsaturated so healthier (than saturated fats). One disadvantage from: provides more energy/calories/ joules, costs more (than alternatives), greasy or stains clothes/fabrics. f Emulsifier, allow a named type of emulsifier such as egg yolk.

39 Structure of the Earth Wegener – suggested one supercontinent had moved apart = theory of continental drift Evidence: same fossils and rocks found on different continents; jigsaw Continental drift is caused by radioactive decay in the mantle which produces convection currents. Volcanoes and earthquakes occur at tectonic plate boundaries Theories about life on Earth: check out the ‘primordial soup’ theory and Miller-Urey’s experiment.

40 6 The Earth is almost spherical and is surrounded by an atmosphere. The diagram shows a section of the layered structure of the Earth. 6 (a) In 1915 Alfred Wegener put forward his idea of continental drift. 6 (a) (i) Why did most scientists in 1915 not accept Wegener’s idea of continental drift? 1 mark 6 (a) (ii) Describe how and explain why continental drift takes place. Include the names of X and Y in your answer. 5 marks X Y Core Centre of the Earth

41 6 The Earth is almost spherical and is surrounded by an atmosphere. The diagram shows a section of the layered structure of the Earth. 6 (a) In 1915 Alfred Wegener put forward his idea of continental drift. 6 (a) (i) Why did most scientists in 1915 not accept Wegener’s idea of continental drift? 1 mark He had no proof or evidence/could not explain how continents move 6 (a) (ii) Describe how and explain why continental drift takes place. Include the names of X and Y in your answer. Radioactive decay in the mantle (Y) generates heat which causes convection currents which cause movement in the tectonic plates making up the crust (X) 5 marks X Y Core Centre of the Earth

42 Atmosphere Early atmosphere: mainly carbon dioxide, little or no oxygen gas, water vapour and small proportions of methane and ammonia (result of volcanic activity) Changes to the atmosphere resulted from plants photosynthesising and CO2 being locked up in rocks (carbonates, fossil fuels) and oceans Today’s atmosphere: 80 % nitrogen, 20% oxygen, small proportions of various other gases, including carbon dioxide, water vapour and noble gases Air can be separated using fractional distillation.

43 6 (b) Table 4 shows some properties of gases in the Earth’s atmosphere. These gases are separated by: removing carbon dioxide cooling the remaining gases to –200 °C removing the gases that do not condense Allowing the liquefied gases to warm up. 6 (b) (i) Suggest one reason why carbon dioxide is removed before the gases are cooled to –200 °C. [1 mark] 6 (b) (ii) Draw a ring around one gas that does not condense when the remaining gases are cooled to –200 °C.. [1 mark] argon neon nitrogen oxygen 6 (b) (iii) The oxygen separated by this process contains another gas. Name the gas and give a reason for your answer. [2 marks] GasMelting Point/°C Boiling Point/°C Argon-189-186 Carbon Dioxide-78 Helium-272-269 Neon-249-246 Nitrogen-210-196 Oxygen-219-183

44 6 (b) Table 4 shows some properties of gases in the Earth’s atmosphere. These gases are separated by: removing carbon dioxide cooling the remaining gases to –200 °C removing the gases that do not condense Allowing the liquefied gases to warm up. 6 (b) (i) Suggest one reason why carbon dioxide is removed before the gases are cooled to –200 °C. It would become a solid/ freeze at that temperature [1 mark] 6 (b) (ii) Draw a ring around one gas that does not condense when the remaining gases are cooled to –200 °C.. [1 mark] argon neon nitrogen oxygen 6 (b) (iii) The oxygen separated by this process contains another gas. Name the gas and give a reason for your answer. Argon; its boiling point is very similar/close (within 3 degrees) to that of oxygen [2 marks] GasMelting Point/°C Boiling Point/°C Argon-189-186 Carbon Dioxide-78 Helium-272-269 Neon-249-246 Nitrogen-210-196 Oxygen-219-183

45 What was done less well last year! General Comments: It is essential that students read and analyse the information provided, then read and understand the question before writing their response. read through your answers, Don’t use ‘it’ or ‘they’ without any clear indication of what you are referring to.

46 Examiners Report Tips If an answer asks for two – only give two answers; any incorrect answers or extra answers may cancel out marks you would get! Limestone – conditions and products of decomposition Hydration vs hydrogenation Bromine water test for unsaturation not clearly understood or explained Convection currents are caused by radioactive processes in the Earth’s crust producing heat Fractional distillation of air – understanding negative boiling points Conditions for cracking and displayed formulae of alkenes


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