1. UNIT 2 Organization of the Body

2. Body System *Cells : Individual units are composed all the parts of the body.e.g Muscle, nerve, and skin. * Tissue : Similar cells grouped together. e.g groups of muscle cells are muscle tissue. * Organs : Collections of different tissues working together. e.g stomach. *Systems : Group of organs working together. e.g The digestive system includes : mouth, throat, esophagus, stomach.

3. Systems Of The Body * The Circulatory System. Parts ( heart, blood,and blood vessels such as arteries, veins, and capillaries ) Functions : 1. Transports blood throughout the body. 2. The lymphatic system include lymph vessels and nodes carry a clear fluid called lymph. That contains white blood cell that fight against diseases and play role in immunity. * The Digestive System. Parts ( mouth, throat, stomach, intestines ) Functions : 1. break down the food. 2. remove the waste outside the body.

4. *The Endocrine System. Parts ( glands ) Functions : 1. Sends Chemical messengers called hormones into the blood to act on other glands. * The Musculoskeletal System Parts ( muscles, bones, joints, and connective tissues ) Function : 1. supports the body and allows it to move. * The Female and Male Reproductive System. Parts ( Male testis,and Female Ovary sex organs ) Function : 1.produce the cells that join to form hormones.

5. * The Nervous System. Parts ( brain, spinal cord ) Function : 1. Carries electrical messages to and from the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body. * The Respiratory System. Parts ( nose, mouth, lungs ) Function : 1. control breathing ( air enters and leaves the body ) * The Skin and Sense Organ System. Parts ( skin, eyes, and ears.) Function : Receives messages from the environment and send them to the brain. * The Urinary System. Parts ( urinary bladder, kidneys, urethra ) Function: 1. Produces urine and sends it out of the body.

6. Body Cavities Body cavity : is a space that contains organs. The cranial cavity : is located in the head and is surrounded by the skull ( CRANI/O means skull ) The brain and other organs e.g pituitary gland Below the brain.

7. The Thoracic Cavity Is the chest cavity which is surrounded by the breastbone and ribs.the lungs, heart, windpipe ( trachea), bronchial tubes. Pleura : double membrane surround the lungs. Pleura cavity : the space between the pleura and surrounding each lung. Mediastinum : the large space between the lungs and the heart, esophagus, trachea, and bronchial tubes are organs within the mediastinum

8. Respiratory System

9. Abdominal Cavity Abdominal cavity : is the space below the thoracic cavity. The diaphragm : is the muscle that separates the abdominal and the thoracic cavities. The peritoneum attaches the abdominal organs to the abdominal muscles and surrounds each organ to hold it in place.

11. Divisions of the Back Spinal Column : is a long row of bones from the neck to the tailbone. Vertebra : bone in the spinal column ( backbones ). Disk or disc : is a piece of flexible connective tissue, lies between each backbone. The disk, composed of cartilage. Cartilage : is a cushion between the bones. If the disk slips or moves out of its place, it can press on the nerves that enter or leave the spinal cord, causing pain.

12. DivisionBonesAbbreviation Cervical ( neck ) region 7 bonesC1-C7 Thoracic ( chest )12 bonesT1-T12 Lumbar ( waist)5 bonesL1-L5 Sacral (sacrum or lower back ) 5 fused bonesS1-S5 Coccygeal ( tailbone or coccyx) 4 fused bones

14. Planes of the Body Plane is an imaginary flat surface. Organs appear in different relationships to one another according to the plane of the body which they are viewed. 1. Frontal ( coronal) plane : up and down plane that divides the body, or body part such as organ in front and back portions in this anatomical sense, anterior means the front and posterior means the back. 2. Sagittal ( lateral) plane : another type of up and down plane that divide the body into right and left side. The midsagittal plane divides the body vertically into right and left halves. 3. Transverse ( axial ) plane : a horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower portions, as cross-section

15. X-ray The x-ray images are used to produce images of the body with all planes Frontal, Sagittal, and axial (CT) slice ( like snapshot of structures at a certain level ). * MRI Magnetic resonance imaging is another technique for producing images with MRI magnetic waves instead of x-rays, which show organs and other structures in specialized detail and in all three planes of the body.

16. Combining Form a MeaningMedical TermMeaning Abdomin/oabdomenAbdominalPertaining to the abdomen Anter/ofrontAnterior suffix ior means pertaining to) Located in the front ( of the body or of a structure ) Bronch/oBronchial tubes ( leading from the windpipe to the lungs ) bronchoscopyVisual examination of bronchial tubes by passing an endoscope through the trachea into the bronchi Cervic/oNeck of the body or Neck ( cervix) of the uterus. Cervical Cervix Pertaining to the neck of the body. Lower portion of the uterus. Chondr/oCartilageHypochondriacPertaining to the lateral regions of the upper abdomen beneath the lower ribs. Also, the term describes a person who has chronic concern about his / her health body function.

17. Coccyg/oCoccyx, tailbone Coccygeal eal- means pertaining to Pertaining to the tailbone. Crani/oskullCraniotomyIncision of the skull Epitheli/oSkin,surface tissue Epithelial Epi – means upon Theli/o means nipple Pertaining to the skin cell, Describe cells upon the breast nipples Esophag/oEsophagus ( tube from the throat to the stomach ) EsophagealPertaining to the esophagus Hepat/oLiverHepatitisInflammation of the liver Lapar/oAbdomenLaparoscopyVisual examination of the abdomen, a small incision is made by near the navel, and an instrument ( endoscope) is inserted to view the abdomen organs.

18. Combining Form aMeaningMedical TermMeaning Laryng/oLarynx ( voice box ) Found in the upper part of the trachea. Laryngeal Laryngectomy Pertaining to the larynx Removal of the larynx Laster/osideLateralPertaining to the side Lumbe/oLoin ( waist )Lumbar Ar –means pertaining to Pertaining to the loin ; part of the back and sides between the chest and hip. Lymph/oLymph ( clear fluid in tissue spaces and lymph vessels ) LymphocyteWhite blood cells Mediastin/oMediastinum( space between the lungs ) mediastinalPertaining to the Mediastinum( contains heart, large blood vessels, trachea, thymus gland ….) Pelv/oPelvis( bones of the hip) PelvicPertaining to the bones of the hip area.

19. Ascites : abnormal intraperitoneal fluid can result from conditions such as liver disease, peritonitis, and ovarian cancer. Peritone/oPeritoneum (membrane surrounding the abdomen ) PeritonealPertaining to the peritoneum ( membrane that surrounds bone Pharyng/oPharynx( throat )PharyngealPertaining to the pharynx ( throat )

20. Pharynx: notes that the epiglottis closes over the trachea during swallowing so that the bolus of food travels down the esophagus and not the windpipe

21. Pleur/opleuraPleuritisInflammation of pleura ( double membrane that surround the lungs Poster/oBack, behindPosteriorLocated in the portion of a structure or of the body Sacr/oSacrum( five fused bones in the lower back ) sacralPertaining to the sacrum ( triangular bone in the lower back )5 fused Spin/oSpine ( backbone)spinalPertaining to the spine ( backbones ) Thorac/ochestThoracotomy Thoracic Incision of the chest Pertaining to the chest Trache/otracheatracheotomyIncision of the trachea Vertebra/oVertebra( backbone )VertebralPertaining to the backbones

22. Note : sarc /o means flesh and is used in sarcoma, a malignant tumor of flesh or connective tissue.