2. Realization of A Cycle P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department I I T Delhi How to Create Temperature and Pressure…..?

3. Power Generation Cycle Goal: To generate Mechanical Power through from heat input !!! Question: What is the Upper Limit of Cycle Performance? Can You Predict? Is it essential to try and find out using only on the field Test?

4. A Mathematical Model for (James Watt’s) Steam Engine expansion Heat Addition Heat Removal

5. Carnot’s Model for Power Cycle

6. s 1 – 2 : Compressor : Isentropic Compression : s 2 = s 1 2 – 3 : Boiler: Isothermal Heating : T 3 = T 2 3 – 4 : Turbines : Isentropic Expansion : s 4 = s 3 4 – 1 : Condenser: Isothermal Cooling : T 1 = T 4 Carnot’s Model for Power Cycle

7. The Carnot Cycle Vs The Natural Cycles Ecological Nuisance Ability to Perform

8. Realization of A Cycle Creation of Parameters of A Cycle Resource: Sources of Energy Heat Addition in Steam Generator, q in Mean Effective Temperature of heat addition : Entropy averaged Temperature.

9. Analysis of A Cycle Net work out put = Heat Input = Efficiency,

10. The selection of working fluids and operation conditions are very important to system performance. The thermodynamic properties of working fluids will affect the system efficiency, operation, and environmental impact. Basically, the working fluid can be classified into three categories. Those are dry, isentropic, and wet depending on the slope of the T–S curve (dT/dS) to be positive, infinite, and negative, respectively. The working fluids of dry or isentropic type are more appropriate for power generation. This is because dry or isentropic fluids are superheated after isentropic expansion, thereby eliminating the concerns of impingement of liquid droplets on the turbine blades. Moreover, the superheated apparatus is not needed.

14. Organic Substances must be selected in accordance to the heat source temperature level (Tcr < T in source )

15. Selection of Fluids RC (Single Componant Working Fluid) Evaporation and condensation at fixed temperatures Fluid must be selected in accordance to the temperature level of the heat source Pinch point is limiting factor for heat transfer Environmental impacts and restrictions by using organic substances Inflamable and/or toxic and/or GWP (Global Warming Potential) and/or ODP (Ozone Depletion Potential)