1. The Chordates Phylum Chordata – The Chordates at some point in their life have a notochord, a nerve cord, and slits in their throat area.

2. The NOTOCHORD Rod that supports the animal’s back –Some keep it all their lives, ex. lancelet –Others have a notochord as larva, but not as adults, ex. tunicate –Vertebrates have a notochord called a backbone

3. Other Characteristics of Chordates Nerve chord (spinal cord) Pharyngeal slits – these slits become part of the gills in fish, most other vertebrates lose these slits before birth

4. Vertebrate Characteristics Most Chordates are vertebrates –Backbone is part of an endoskeleton Protects the body, helps give it shape Includes the vertebrae, skull, etc. –Backbone grows as the organism does –Supports the body against the downward pull of gravity

5. Separating Vertebrates Ectotherm – body temperature changes as the environment changes –Ex. fish, reptiles, amphibians Endotherm – animal that controls and regulates its body temperature by controlling the internal heat it produces. –Ex. mammals and birds Require fur, feathers, or sweat glands

6. Vertebrates: A Review

7. Pgs. 374-380 Chordate Classes The Fish

8. Fish Body Characteristics Body Symmetry: Bilateral Cell Organization: Cells to tissues to organs to organ systems Reproduction: Sexual Body Development: –Internal Fertilization: eggs are fertilized inside the female’s body and when they are mature she gives birth to them. –External Fertilization: male releases sperm over the eggs the female releases. The eggs develop outside her body.

9. Classes of Fish –Jawless fish Ex. Hagfish and lampreys –Cartilaginous fish Sharks, rays, skates –Bony fish Trout, tuna, goldfish, etc.

10. Jawless Fish Have no jaws and no scales Cartilage skeleton Have mouths containing structures for scraping, stabbing, and sucking their food Hagfish and Lampreys are the only existing jawless fish today Hagfish are scavengers and feed on the bodies of dead or dying fish Lampreys are parasites and attach to fish and suck in tissue or blood

11. Cartilaginous Fish Have jaws, scales, and skeletons made of cartilage Sharks rely on swimming to move water over their gills to get oxygen from the water. Rays and skates take in water through holes behind their eyes while they are buried and release the water through their gills. Carnivores

12. Bony Fish Have jaws, scales, and gill pockets. Skeletons are made of hard bone. Bony fish have a swim bladder: internal gas- filled sac that helps the fish stay stable at different depths in the water. Make up 95% of all fish species Live in salt and fresh water

13. Chordate Classes The Reptiles Pages 387-394

14. Body Characteristics Body symmetry: Bilateral Cell organization: Cells to tissues to organs to organ systems Reproduction: Sexual Body Development: Eggs with shells hold embryos that hatch into young which grow into adults

15. Orders of Reptiles Lizards Snakes Turtles Alligators Crocodiles Dinosaurs (extinct)

16. Lizards and Snakes Skin covered with overlapping scales that shed Most lizards and ALL snakes are carnivores Snake’s jaw can unhinge itself to eat its prey whole.Snake’s jaw can unhinge itself to eat its prey whole.Snake’s jaw can unhinge itself to eat its prey whole.Snake’s jaw can unhinge itself to eat its prey whole. Some snakes have teeth with venom Snake eating a kangaroo

17. Alligators and Crocodiles Carnivores that hunt at night Alligators – broad snouts, few teeth visible Crocodiles – pointed snouts, most of their teeth are visible Only reptiles that care for their young

19. Turtles Ribs and backbone attached to a protective shell (they can’t shed it). No teeth; sharp beak Carnivores or herbivores Tortoises are land turtles