1. The CPR and the Road to Confederation

2. Chapter 14 THE ROAD TO CONFEDERATION PAGE 158-168

3. Key Terms  Hinterland- representation by population  British North America Act- patriarchal  American Revolution- universal suffrage  Responsible government- Fenians  Ethnocentric- constitutional monarchy  Assimilation- Senate  Château Clique-House of Commons  Family Compact-

4. Change in the British Empire  Britain lost much of its Empire when the United States formed its own republic in1776.  The rest of British North America was becoming more economically self- sufficient, which prompted a desire to be more independent in terms of government.  Next 100 years would see a great change in the governing structure of BNA.

5. Picture Canada…  Just a reminder of what Canada looked like c. 1837

6. Rebellion in the Colonies  Constitutional Act of 1791 gave the appointed council power over the elected assembly. The appointed council members were typically land owners who had little to no idea about what was happening in the colonies and acted in a way that best served their own financial interests.  This was more frustrating in Lower Canada since it gave English councillors power over French elected members.  Two main political powers emerged in the region.  Conservatives: supported the colonial governors/ English councillors, the Château Clique in Lower Canada and the Family Compact in Upper Canada.  Reformers: wanted elected assemblies to challenge the unbridled power of the political elite.

7. Rebellion in Lower Canada  Louis Joseph Papineau was a lawyer from Lower Canada who, though he belonged to the political elite, was inspired by French and American democratic ideals.  Leader of the “Parti patriote”  1834- Wrote ninety-two resolutions with his demands for political reform.  Britain rejected all major resolutions and gave the governor of Lower Canada MORE power.  Britain countered with 10 resolutions in 1837 and declared that the executive councils wouldn’t be ruled by the elected assemblies at all, but by the governor.

8. Rebellion in Upper Canada  William Lyon Mackenzie was a newspaper editor and political reformer. He spoke up against the Family Compact, earning the respect of many colonists.  1836- The Family Compact (ruling elite) used bribery and intimidation to ensure they defeated the reformers.  Clean democracy wasn’t working, so Mackenzie led a rebel group to overthrow the government in Toronto.

9. Further your understanding  Research the reforms introduced by US President Andrew Jackson. What were some of these reforms? How could they have influenced Papineau and Mackenzie?  Complete definitions: British North America Act responsible government Chateau Clique Family Compact Vote of non-confidence

10. Jacksonian Democracy  Papineau and Mackenzie were both inspired by the democratic policies introduced by U.S. President Andrew Jackson.  Jackson formed a new party based on ideas of democracy for the working class; it officially became the Democratic Party in 1834. It was comprised of people who had previously been socially and politically marginalized, such as Irish Catholics, farmers, and city based labourers.  Jackson promoted the limitation and/or elimination of government interference in the economy because he believed it only benefited certain elite groups.  The democratic party believed in a government whose power rested mostly in the elected officials. The government would be accountable to the electorate.  (Side note: Jackson was not all democratic sunshine and rainbows—He was a notorious white supremacist who was also dedicated to the eradication of the American Indian population. )

11. Terms  British North America Act- was the official act passed by the British Parliament that resulted in the creation of the Dominion of Canada. It was also called the Constitution Act of 1867. With the passing of this Act, Canada became its own country.  Responsible Government- was the precursor to the BNA Act and confederation. This allowed British North American regions to elect their own representative Cabinet who would be responsible for making important political and economic decisions relating to the running of the colony. Nova Scotia was the first province to achieve responsible government in 1848.  Château Clique -was the elite governing party in Lower Canada.  Family Compact- was the elite governing party in Upper Canada.  Vote of non-confidence- occurs when a new piece of legislation is being presented and it is not supported the majority. This can cause the dissolution of a government.

12. Durham’s Report  Lord Durham was sent to assess the situation in Canada following the uprisings led by Mackenzie in 1836 and Papineau in 1837-38.  He suggested that Upper and Lower Canada should unite under one government.  He also said that its citizens should have all the same rights as any in Britain meaning that they should be represented by elected officials who have power to act in their best interest.  Durham was also known as ethnocentric, which means that he believed his own culture (English speaking British) was superior, particularly over French Canadians. He thought they should be assimilated, which means made to adopt the English culture and language and abandon their traditions.

13. The Maritime Approach…  It was because of the influence of more passive, yet effective, political leaders in the Maritimes that Canada was able to achieve nationhood without war.  Joseph Howe, a politically active Nova Scotia man, began writing letters to the colonial secretary, Earl Grey, in London because there had been little to no action taken to respond to Lord Durham’s suggestions.  1846- Grey agreed that if the current party lost in the next election, there should be a council selected from members of the winning party who would be responsible for the everyday running of the province.

14. Responsible Government Achieved  August 1847- Reformers won 29 seats, while the Tories (conservatives) won only 22.  January 1848- Vote of non-confidence against the Tories so the Reformers were to form the new government.  J.B. Uniacke became premier and made up the first Reform executive council on February 2, 1848.

15. Questions  When did the other maritime provinces achieve responsible government?  Briefly compare and contrast the steps taken by Papineau, Mackenzie and Howe to achieve responsible government.  If assimilation had been enforced, describe the social and political climate that might have been created.

16. Britain’s Response  British government rejected Durham’s report.  February 1841- Did implement the Act of Union that made Upper Canada into Canada West and Lower Canada into Canada East. They were ruled under one parliament.  Upper Canada-Canada West  Lower Canada- Canada East  English was made the only official language

17.  English speaking colonists dominated the government  1848- Reformers from both sides were elected to the assembly  Louis Lafontaine for the French Canadians and Robert Baldwin for the English Canadians.  Lafontaine was chosen as overall leader and the Act of Union was changed to lift the ban on the French language.

18. Union or No Union?  Key term: representation by population: means that each member of a governing body (such as the legislative assembly) has roughly the same amount of people to represent.  When the union started, Canada West and Canada East had equal representation (the same amount of representative for each side), regardless of population  Canada West experienced population growth and wanted rep by pop because they would then have a larger number of representatives.

19. Picture the Maritimes…

20. Maritime Union  1864- Maritimes wanted to form a union  Maritimes were somewhat geographically isolated from the rest of BNA  Thought a union could give them more power  Samuel Till of NB and Charles Tupper of NS were very eager; John H. Gray of PEI, not so much.  To entice Gray, it was suggested that a conference be held in Charlottetown, PEI.

21. Making Connections  Research why union has been a recurring theme in the history of the Maritimes.  (The Canadian Encyclopedia is an excellent resource)  On your hand-out, list what the economic, political and cultural advantages and disadvantaged of a Maritime union would have been.

22. Charlottetown Conference  Canada East and West formed a coalition government under the leadership of John A. MacDonald and George- Etienne Cartier.  They got wind of the proposed Maritime union and thought it would be a good idea for all of British North America to be united.  Charlottetown Conference started on September 1, 1864.  MacDonald and Cartier made a good case and they agreed to meet again in October in Quebec City.  In October they drafted the 72 resolutions, a plan for the union of Canada and the Maritimes.

23. Opposition  Pro-Union delegates had to convince the colonial parliaments.  Union was favored 3-1.  It was thought that the union would be more advantageous for the Province of Canada rather than the Maritimes because they had a larger population.  Tariffs were also to be federally regulated, which angered some people. Tariffs are taxes put on imported goods.  PEI still had no interest in Confederation.  NB was wavering until they were threatened by Fenian raids. The Fenians were Irish rebels.  NS was divided. Charles Tupper was pro-Confederation, but Joseph Howe spoke out against it, believing it would not benefit NS or NB.  Howe even turned to Britain for help to block Confederation.

24.  Over the winter of 1866-67, representatives from Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick met in London and drafted the 72 resolutions into the British North America Act, which was passed into law in March 1876.  The Dominion of Canada was formed on July 1, 1867.  It was to be a “ Constitutional Monarchy ” which means that the monarchy (king or queen) has only as much power as is granted by the elected government of a country. In Canada, the monarchy holds a ceremonial position, but is still considered the head of the government.

25. Activity  Create a timeline outlining at least 10 main events that occurred leading up to and including confederation.

26. Canada’s Government  Canada is governed by a Parliament that is divided into two main sections, the upper house (Senate) and the lower house (House of Commons).  Members of Parliament are elected into the House of Commons by the electorate on the basis of representation by population.

27.  Elections are typically held every five years.  A leader of each party is established before the election. The leader of the party that wins the most seats in the election becomes the head of the government.  The governor general officially appoints the leader of that party as “Prime Minister”. The Prime Minister can then make his or her recommendations for the cabinet.

28. Federalism  Modeled after American government.  Two levels of government, provincial and federal.  Federal government was to be responsible for trade and commerce, defence, and taxation.  Provincial government was to be responsible for education, municipal affairs, language, religion, property and civil rights.  Residual Powers given to the federal government, meaning that an area not dealt with directly by the provincial government would default to the federal government.

29. Judicial System  The judiciary would be the responsibility of both the federal and provincial governments.  Administration of justice and court systems are provincial responsibilities  Higher courts dealing with matters of criminal law and civil law were federal.

30. Condition of the BNA Act  There was to be an inter-colonial railway that linked Quebec and the Maritimes.

31. Canadian Pacific Railway CHAPTER 9- THE NATIONAL POLICY

32. Pacific Scandal and National Policy  John A. MacDonald was involved in a scandal in 1871. It was centred around the building of the new railway. 150 conservative representatives were accused of accepting bribes for bids on the railway contract.  In the years that followed, there was a global depression.  In 1891, the Canadian government came up with a plan-The National Policy - to build a transcontinental railway, establish protective tariffs, and promote settlement in the West.

33.  MacDonald promised to build the CPR, Canadian Pacific Railway, during his first term.  Pacific Scandal happened which allowed for a Liberal win.  Liberals failed to curb the effects of the depressions so MacDonald was re-elected.  Finishing the railway became a priority because the US was becoming a territorial threat. Part of the National Policy was to encourage settlement in the West to prevent American annexation.

34. The National Policy  Industry  Protective tariffs- were taxes placed on imported goods in hopes of encouraging people to buy goods produced locally.  Revenue tariffs- taxes put on imported goods meant to produce income for the government  Secondary manufacturing uses primary resources. For example, shipbuilding using locally produced lumber.

35. CPR  Railway was to cost about $25 million  25 million acres of land were needed  The company would be exempt from taxes  No other company was allowed to compete with the CPR for at least 20 years.  Thousands of labourers worked on the railway. Americans, Canadians, Irish and Chinese.  15 000 Chinese workers came. Foremen exploited their desire for a better quality of life for themselves and their families. They were often given the most dangerous jobs. At least 600 workers dies.