1. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEM ANALYSIS & DESIGN
DFC4013 System Analysis & Design
Nurul Ihsaniah Bt Omar

2. Course Summary

3. CONTINOUS ASSESSMENT TABLE :
Qty %
% Total
Date 1
Quiz 3
3.333 10
W7( T1,2)
W9 (T3)
W12(T4,T5)
Test 15
W13(T1,2,3,4) 2
Problem Based Task 4
2.5
During lab sessions.
(T2,3,4)
Case Study
W9-W12)
T3, T4, T5
GRAND TOTAL
50 %

4. Why do students need to learn SAD?

5. Why? To have structured guide for Final Year Project in Semester 5.
To understand how to manage Information Project Management systematically
To apply during Industrial training in Sem 6.
To sharpen leadership skill in managing project
To be the leader in IT field / networking area

6. SUMMARY TOPIC 1
This topic describes the introduction of information systems, the systems analysis and design concepts and various systems development methods.
This topic also covers how to prepare project plan and project management.

7. COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME
CLO 1
Explain the concept of System Analysis and Design and project management relating to various model, tools and techniques. (C4, PLO1)
CODE :ez7csx
CODE:sbnqyv

8. TOPIC 1.1 Information System 1.2 System Development Approach
1.3 Project Management

9. TOPIC 1.1
INFORMATION SYSTEM

10. Information & Information System
An information system (IS) can be defined as a collection of procedures, hardware, software, people and data, organized to generate information to support an organization’s objectives.

11. Information System Components
Components of Information Systems
Resources of people: (end users and IS specialists, system analyst, programmers, data administrators etc.).
Hardware: (Physical computer equipments and associate device, machines and media).
Software: (programs and procedures).
Data: (data and knowledge bases), and
Networks: (communications media and network support).

12. Information System Components
Components of Information Systems
Resources of people:
End users: (also called users or clients) are people who use an information system or the information it produces.
They can be accountants, salespersons, engineers, clerks, customers, or managers.
Most of us are information system end users.

13. Information System Components
Components of Information Systems
Resources of people:
IS Specialists: people who actually develop and operate information systems. They include systems analysts, programmers, testers, computer operators, and other managerial, technical, and clerical IS personnel. Briefly, systems analysts design information systems based on the information requirements of end uses, programmers prepare computer programs based on the specifications of systems analysts, and computer operators operate large computer systems.

14. Information System Components
Components of Information Systems
Hardware:
Machines: as computers and other equipment along with all data media, objects on which data is recorded and saved.
Computer systems: consist of variety of interconnected peripheral devices. Examples are microcomputer systems, midrange computer systems, and large computer systems.

15. Information System Components
Components of Information Systems
Software:
Software Resources includes all sets of information processing instructions. This generic concept of software includes not only the programs, which direct and control computers but also the sets of information processing (procedures).

16. Information System Components
Components of Information Systems
Software:
Software Resources includes:
System software, such as an operating system
Application software, which are programs that direct processing for a particular use of computers by end users.
Procedures, which are operating instructions for the people, who will use an information system. Examples are instructions for filling out a paper form or using a particular software package.

17. Information System Components
Components of Information Systems
Data:
Data resources include data (which is raw material of information systems) and database.
Data can take many forms, including traditional alphanumeric data, composed of numbers and alphabetical and other characters that describe business transactions and other events and entities.

18. Information System Components
Components of Information Systems
Data:
Text data, consisting of sentences and paragraphs used in written communications; image data, such as graphic shapes and figures; and audio data, the human voice and other sounds, are also important forms of data.

19. Information System Components
Components of Information Systems
Data:
Data resources must meet the following criteria:
Comprehensiveness: means that all the data about the subject are actually present in the database.
Non-redundancy: means that each individual piece of data exists only once in the database.
Appropriate structure: means that the data are stored in such a way as to minimize the cost of expected processing and storage.

20. Information System Components
Components of Information Systems
Network:
Telecommunications networks like the Internet, intranets, and extranets have become essential to the successful operations of all types of organizations and their computer-based information systems.
Telecommunications networks consist of computers, communications processors, and other devices interconnected by communications media and controlled by communications software.

21. Information System Components
Components of Information Systems
Network:
The concept of Network Resources emphasizes that communications networks are a fundamental resource component of all information systems.

22. Information System Components
Components of Information Systems
Network:
Network resources include:
Communications media: such as twisted pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, microwave systems, and communication satellite systems.
Network support: This generic category includes all of the people, hardware, software, and data resources that directly support the operation and use of a communications network. Examples include communications control software such as network operating systems and Internet packages.

23. Types Of Information System
There are several types or classes of information systems.
In general, these types are distinguished from each other on the basic of what the system does or by technology used to construct system.
Different classes of systems may require different development methodologies, techniques, and tools.

24. Types Of Information System
Types or classes of information system;
Transaction processing systems
Management information systems
Decision support system

25. Types Of Information System
Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
TPS automate the handling of data about business activities or transaction, which can be though as simple, discrete events in the life of an organization.
Data about each transaction are captured, transactions are verified and accepted or rejected, and validated transaction are stored for later aggregation.

26. Types Of Information System
Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
Reports may be produced immediately to provide standard transaction summaries, and transactions may be moved from process to process in order to handle all aspects of business activity.
The analysis and design of a TPS means focusing on the firm’s current procedures for processing transactions, whether those procedures are manual or automated.
*AUTOMATED TELLER MACHINE
*CASH DEPOSIT MACHINE

27. Types Of Information System
Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
The focus on current procedures implies a careful tracking of data capture, flow, processing, and output.
The goal of TPS development is to improve transaction processing by speeding it up using fewer people, improving efficiency and accuracy, integrating it with other organizational information system, or providing information not previously available.

28. Types Of Information System
Management Information System (MIS)
MIS takes the relatively raw data available through a TPS and converts them into a meaningful aggregated form that managers need to fulfill their responsibilities.
Developing MIS calls for a good understanding of what kind of information managers require and how managers use information in their jobs.

29. Types Of Information System
Management Information System (MIS)
Sometimes managers themselves may not know precisely what they need or how they will use information.
Thus, the analyst must also develop a good understanding of the business and the TPS that provide data for MIS.

30. Types Of Information System
Management Information System (MIS)
MIS often require data from several TPS (Eg: customer order processing, raw material purchasing, and employee timekeeping).
Development of MIS can, therefore, benefit from a data orientation, in which data are considered an organization resource separate from the TPS in which they are captured.
Because it is important to be able to draw on data from various subject areas, developing a comprehensive and accurate model of data is essential in building MIS.

31. For example, a supermarket could use a computer database to keep track of which products sell best.

32. Types Of Information System
Decision Support System (DSS)
DSS are design to help organizational decision makers make decision.
Instead of providing summaries of data, as with MIS, a DSS provides an interactive environment in which decision makers can quickly manipulate data and models of business operations.

33. Types Of Information System
Decision Support System (DSS)
A DSS is composed of a database (which may be extracted from a TPS or MIS), mathematical or graphical models of business processes, and a user interface (or dialogue module) that provides a way for the decision maker, usually a nontechnical manager, to communicate with the DSS.

35. Impact Of IT On Business
Companies use information as a weapon in the battle to increase productivity, deliver quality products and services, maintain customer loyalty, and make decisions
Information technology can mean the difference between success and failure

36. Impact Of IT On Business
Information Technology
Combination of hardware and software products and services that companies use to manage, access, communicate, and share information
A vital asset that must be used effectively, updated constantly, and safeguarded carefully

37. Impact Of IT On Business
The Future of IT
Accounts for almost 30 percent of America’s economic growth, and the wage gaps between IT workers and all other workers will continue to widen
Global online population skyrocketed between 2000 and 2005

38. Impact Of IT On Business
The Role of Systems Analysis and Design
Systems Analysis and Design
Step-by-step process for developing high-quality information systems
Systems Analyst
Plan, develop, and maintain information systems

39. Impact Of IT On Business
Who develops Information Systems?
In-house applications
Software packages
Internet-based application services
Outsourcing
Custom solutions
Enterprise-wide software strategies

40. Information System Users
Top managers
Middle Managers and Knowledge Workers
Supervisors and Team Leaders
Operational Employees

41. SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT APPROACH
TOPIC 1.2
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT APPROACH

42. System Development Methods
Structured Analysis
Object Oriented Analysis
Agile / Adaptive Method

43. System Development Methods
Structured Analysis
Systems development life cycle (SDLC)
Predictive approach
Uses a set of process models to describe a system graphically
Process-centered technique
Example : Waterfall model

44. System Development Methods
Structured Analysis
Deliverable or end product
Disadvantage in the built-in structure of the SDLC, because the waterfall model does not emphasize interactivity among the phases
This criticism can be valid if the SDLC phases are followed too rigidly
Adjacent phases usually interact

45. System Development Methods
Object Oriented Analysis
Combines data & processes that act on the data into things called objects
Object is a member of a class
Objects possess properties
Methods change an object’s properties
A message requests specific behavior or information from another object
Usually follow a series of analysis and design phases that are similar to the SDLC
Interactive model

46. System Development Methods
Agile Methods
Are the newest development
Emphasizes continuous feedback
Iterative development
Agile community has published the Agile Manifesto
Example : Spiral model

47. System Development Methods
Agile Methods
Agile process determines the end result
Other adaptive variations and related methods exist
Two examples are Scrum and Extreme Programming (XP)
Analysts should understand the pros and cons of any approach before selecting a development method

48. SDLC Activities System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) activities;
Planning
Analyze
Design
Development
Testing
Implementation
Maintenance

49. SDLC Activities Planning
This phase is most important. Describes desired features and operations in detail, including screen layouts, process diagrams, business rules, and other documentation.
By outlining in advance the project and the phases in the life cycle, the project takes shape in this phase.

50. SDLC Activities Planning
The company may bring in a systems analyst to do this
As this phase develops, the outline of a proposed system and feasibility analysis are put into action.

51. SDLC Activities Analyze
This is the process in which the analyst finds the problem in the company and submits a solution and puts the project goals into defined functions and operation of the intended application.
Tools that are used in this phase include requirements gathering, structured analysis, and (CASE) A computer-aided systems (software) engineering.

52. SDLC Activities Analyze
Planning may have to be considered and possible changes in feasibility may affect the budget or schedule.

53. SDLC Activities Design
In this phase, the team submits in detail the specific functions and parts it will contain and what it will take to build it, and describes desired features including screen layouts, business rules, process diagrams, and other documentation.
The two main areas of system designs, logical system design, which shows (such as blue prints) of system and a physical systems design, which shows in detail the cost and materials of system.

54. SDLC Activities Development
This phase is where the company hires a programmer, data base developer and a network engineer; a programmer may use a flow chart for the process of system.
This is final stage of the initial development, and the system is put into production.
The occurrence of change is taking place.
Installation is a part of this phase.
Training would benefit the company during the development phase.

55. SDLC Activities Testing
Once the system is built, testing of the system must take place to ensure workability and brings all the pieces together into a special testing environment, then checks for errors, bugs and interoperability.
Any problem that exists will be found and addressed.
In this phase, verification and validation are used.

56. SDLC Activities Implementation
The real code is written here. Now the system is ready for an actual working environment.
Installation of systems components and old data is moved to new system, a direct cutover is used in this process, but it could be risky and difficult.
This direct cutover usually takes place during off-peak hours.

57. SDLC Activities Maintenance
In this phase changes, correction, additions, and moves are made.
This, the least and perhaps most important step of all, may go on forever.

58. Various Types Of Life Cycle Models
Various types of life cycle models such as:
Waterfall model
Spiral Model
Iterative and incremental development
Agile Model
Prototyping model
Rapid Application Development (RAD)
Joint Application Development (JAD)
Extreme Programming (XP)

59. Various Types Of Life Cycle Models
Waterfall model
The Waterfall Model was first Process Model to be introduced.
It is also referred to as a linear-sequential life cycle model.
It is very simple to understand and use. In a waterfall model, each phase must be completed before the next phase can begin and there is no overlapping in the phases.

60. Various Types Of Life Cycle Models
Waterfall model
Waterfall model is the earliest SDLC approach that was used for software development
The waterfall Model illustrates the software development process in a linear sequential flow; hence it is also referred to as a linear-sequential life cycle model.
This means that any phase in the development process begins only if the previous phase is complete.
In waterfall model phases do not overlap.

61. Various Types Of Life Cycle Models
Waterfall model

62. Various Types Of Life Cycle Models
Spiral model
The spiral model emphasizes the need to go back and reiterate earlier stages a number of times as the project progresses.
It's actually a series of short waterfall cycles, each producing an early prototype representing a part of the entire project.
This approach helps demonstrate a proof of concept early in the cycle, and it more accurately reflects the disorderly, even chaotic evolution of technology.

63. Various Types Of Life Cycle Models
Spiral model

64. Various Types Of Life Cycle Models
Iterative and incremental development
In Iterative model, iterative process starts with a simple implementation of a small set of the software requirements and iteratively enhances the evolving versions until the complete system is implemented and ready to be deployed.

65. Various Types Of Life Cycle Models
Iterative and incremental development
An iterative life cycle model does not attempt to start with a full specification of requirements.
Instead, development begins by specifying and implementing just part of the software, which is then reviewed in order to identify further requirements.
This process is then repeated, producing a new version of the software at the end of each iteration of the model.

66. Various Types Of Life Cycle Models
Iterative and incremental development

67. Various Types Of Life Cycle Models
Agile Model
Agile SDLC model is a combination of iterative and incremental process models with focus on process adaptability and customer satisfaction by rapid delivery of working software product.
Agile Methods break the product into small incremental builds.
These builds are provided in iterations. Each iteration typically lasts from about one to three weeks.

68. Various Types Of Life Cycle Models
Agile Model
Every iteration involves cross functional teams working simultaneously on various areas like planning, requirements analysis, design, coding, unit testing, and acceptance testing.
At the end of the iteration a working product is displayed to the customer and important stakeholders.

69. Various Types Of Life Cycle Models
Prototyping model
The Software Prototyping refers to building software application prototypes which display the functionality of the product under development but may not actually hold the exact logic of the original software.
Software prototyping is becoming very popular as a software development model, as it enables to understand customer requirements at an early stage of development.

70. Various Types Of Life Cycle Models
Prototyping model
It helps get valuable feedback from the customer and helps software designers and developers understand about what exactly is expected from the product under development.

71. Various Types Of Life Cycle Models
Rapid Application Development (RAD)
Rapid application development (RAD) is attempts to create an application more quickly through strategies that include fewer formal methodologies and reusing software components.
Rapid Application Development (RAD) is an object-oriented approach to systems development that includes a method of development as well as software tools.

72. Various Types Of Life Cycle Models
Rapid Application Development (RAD)

73. Various Types Of Life Cycle Models
Joint Application Development (JAD)
The Joint Application Development (JAD) methodology aims to involve the client in the design and development of an application.
This is accomplished through a series of collaborative workshops called JAD sessions.
A structured group process focused on determining requirements

74. Various Types Of Life Cycle Models
Joint Application Development (JAD)
JAD Participants
Facilitator
Trained in JAD techniques
Sets agenda and guides group processes
Scribe(s)
Record content of JAD sessions
Users and managers from business area with broad and detailed knowledge

75. Various Types Of Life Cycle Models
Extreme Programming (XP)
Extreme Programming is an approach to software development put together.
It is distinguished by its short cycles, incremental planning approach, focus on automated tests written by programmers and customers to monitor the development process, and a reliance on an evolutionary approach to development that last throughout the lifetime of the system.

76. Various Types Of Life Cycle Models
Extreme Programming (XP)
With Extreme Programming, all phase of the life cycle converge into a series of activities based on the basic processes of coding, testing, listening and designing.