1. Putting it all together An APA crib note

2. Moving through this presentation… You can hit your right arrow button to move to the next slide or wait until the slide moves automatically. If you need to review a slide, you can hit your back arrow. (This presentation is set up with automatic timings, so if you go back to review a slide, click you mouse for the timings to resume.) You can hit your right arrow button to move to the next slide or wait until the slide moves automatically. If you need to review a slide, you can hit your back arrow. (This presentation is set up with automatic timings, so if you go back to review a slide, click you mouse for the timings to resume.)

3. The Pieces of the Puzzle The Acronyms Terminology Formatting The Importance of Citation

4. In no other time in history has the “borrowing” of information been made so easy as it is today.

5. The Importance of Citation The Internet has opened up a multitude of opportunities for people to “borrow” music, video and literature.

6. The Importance of Citation But “copying” the works of others is not a new idea…specifically in the area of literature.

7. The Importance of Citation Plagiarism takes its name from the Latin word “plagiarius”, which means “kidnapper”. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2000)

8. The Importance of Citation It is believed that this word was first used in this manner by the Roman poet Martial, who, in the first century AD, accused others of stealing his work for their own personal gain.

9. The Importance of Citation Citation rules provide scholars with a safe and accepted way of presenting research findings.

10. The Importance of Citation Quite simply, citing the sources used in your work is giving credit where credit is due.

11. The Importance of Citation It demonstrates a sense of professional courtesy and respect for the creator of the work.

12. The Importance of Citation It illustrates your ability to support your original theories and ideas with evidence based in research.

13. The Importance of Citation Finally, it protects your hard work from theft by others.

14. The Importance of Citation Once you have created a document, it is protected by copyright which entitles you to certain protections under copyright law.

15. The Importance of Citation If someone decides to use your work in one of their writings, they must give YOU credit through proper citation.

16. Acronyms Now, let’s discuss the initials and what they mean….

17. Acronyms MLA APA ASA AMA There are several citation styles, each created to provide guidelines based on the needs of specific organizations.

18. Acronyms MLA APA ASA AMA Modern Language Association This format is used primarily in the areas of humanities…art, music, and religion, for example.

19. Acronyms MLA APA ASA AMA American Sociological Association This format is used primarily in the area of social sciences.

20. Acronyms MLA APA ASA AMA In addition, there are several other styles and organizations not mentioned here.

21. Acronyms MLA APA ASA AMA Even though each style was created by a specific organization, for needs related to their individual areas of research,

22. Acronyms MLA APA ASA AMA Composition Departments may use any one of the styles in the instruction of research writing.

23. Acronyms MLA APA ASA AMA This means that even though you may not study a field in the area of humanities,

24. Acronyms MLA APA ASA AMA you could still be asked to format and cite your research papers in MLA format.

25. Acronyms MLA APA ASA AMA Kaplan University uses APA format for research writing. APA

26. Terminology Before we discuss some specifics concerning the structure of APA format,

27. Terminology there are some very important terms you must know. title page internal citation parenthetical signal phrase reference page

28. Terminology Separate from the rest of your paper, your title page should include the title, author name and course information. Like your paper, it should be double spaced. title page internal citation parenthetical signal phrase reference page

29. Terminology A sample title page header essay titleauthor course information

30. Terminology Also separate from the rest of your paper, your reference page should include, in APA format, a list of all the resources used in the paper. It will be the very last page. title page internal citation parenthetical signal phrase reference page

31. internal citation Terminology Internal citation refers to citation information placed inside the body, or text, of your essay. title page internal citation parenthetical signal phrase reference page

32. Terminology Parenthetical citation refers to the idea that citation information is enclosed in parentheses. title page internal citation parenthetical signal phrase reference page parenthetical citation

33. Terminology The signal phrase provides some information about your source outside of the citation reference. title page internal citation parenthetical signal phrase reference page signal phrase

34. Dropped Quotations Using a “drop quote” means you include a quotation without any sort of introduction, or “signal phrase.” Example: Various people associated with the university admit that the pressures of athleticism have caused a relaxation of standards. “These gentry often overlook the fact that a college should not be interested in a fullback who is a half-wit” (Hutchins, 2007, page #). But this kind of thinking is bad for the university and even worse for the athletes. 34

35. Dropped Quotations, cont. An example of the same sentences without using a drop quote is: Many university officials admit that the pressures of athleticism have caused a relaxation of standards. For instance, Robert Hutchins (2007), a former president of the University of Chicago, asserts that “a college should not be interested in a fullback who is a half-wit” (page #). However, this kind of attitude can be harmful to the university and for the athletes themselves. 35

36. Lead In Dialogue tags can signal the use of source materials. You can try something as simple as “John Doe says.” To punctuate a dialogue tag, when the source is directly quoted, you typically use a comma. Shakespeare says, “that time of year thou mayest in me behold” (line 1). 36

37. Lead In An introductory sentence like “John Doe describes the Bolshevik Revolution” is yet another option for introducing source material. These sentences will be punctuated with a colon. Example: In The Power of Myth, a conversation about mythology, Joseph Campbell (1905) enlightens Bill Moyers about how a dream differs from a myth: “Oh, because a dream is a personal experience of that deep, dark ground that is the support of our conscious lives, and a myth is the society’s dream…” (p. 40). 37

38. Formatting Now, let’s talk a little about formatting.

39. Reference page entry Formatting Formatting refers to the pieces of information that must be included in internal citations and reference page entries. internal citation

40. Formatting Internal parenthetical citation is really rather simple.

41. Formatting Primarily, it involves the use of 3 pieces of information. SOURCE ID: By author’s last name WHEN: Year of publication WHERE: Page number

42. Formatting Author last name, Publication year, Page number. SOURCE ID: By author’s last name WHEN: Year of publication WHERE: Page number (Bass, 2005, p. 26)

43. In-Text Citing: Basic 1. Put author’s last name and the year of publication of the sources in parentheses (also called parenthetical documentation) If the signal phrase does not name the author, put the author's last name in parentheses along with the page number. Most states do not keep adequate records on the number of times cell phones are a factor in accidents; as of December 2000, only ten states were trying to keep such records (Sundeen, 2000). 43

44. In-Text Citing: Brief 2. Author named in a signal phrase You can introduce the material being cited with a signal phrase that includes the author's name. Using a signal phrase allows you to keep the parenthetical citation brief. Christine Haughney (2007) reports that shortly after Japan made it illegal to use a handheld phone while driving, "accidents caused by using the phones dropped by 75 percent" (p. 8). The signal phrase—"Christine Haughney reports that"—names the author and date; the parenthetical citation gives the page number of the newspaper article in which the quoted words may be found. 44

45. Formatting Questions come into play with different circumstances… ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? What if there’s more than one author? What if I can’t find a page number? What if there is no publication date? What if it’s a website? What if I can’t find the author's name?

46. Formatting You still need the three pieces of information, you simply make appropriate substitutions. NOTE: Even if you cannot get complete bibliographic information, list what you have. SOURCE ID: By author’s last name WHEN: Year of publication WHERE: Page number

47. Formatting But remember, different circumstances will require different format substitutions… ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Can I use information from a message board? What if I use a telephone interview? What if the source doesn’t have a title? What if I find useful information in an email? What if I use a TV show?

48. Formatting YOU MUST REMEMBER: These 3 pieces of information refer to very basic internal citation format, only. SOURCE ID WHEN WHERE

49. Formatting So it is a good idea to find good online resources, or purchase your own personal APA citation guide, to consult when more complex situations arise. SOURCE ID WHEN WHERE

50. Formatting A word about punctuation: The period comes AFTER the citation for paraphrased, quoted, or summarized material.

51. Formatting A word about using direct quotes: Direct quotes, especially those of more than 40 words in length, should be used SPARINGLY. Remember – your evidence should be used to support your ORIGINAL ideas. Using more quoted material than original material takes the work out of the realm of authenticity.

52. Formatting Finally, let’s talk briefly about the information included in a reference page entry.

53. Formatting Again, different circumstances will dictate the use of additional resources or your own personal guide. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? What if there’s more than one author? Where do I break a website address? What if this is a second edition? What if it is a source within a source? What if I decide to use a personal interview?

54. Formatting This is a simple overview of the information that would be included in a basic entry. You will find it is similar to the information needed in an internal citation. SOURCE ID WHEN WHERE

55. Formatting You begin with the author’s name, last name, first initial. SOURCE ID Bass, M. Please note: a period will follow each piece of information in your reference page list.

56. Formatting You will then provide the publication date, in parentheses. WHEN Bass, M. (2005, October 23). If this article is in a magazine, you will also include the month and day, AFTER the year.

57. Formatting Now, we include another source ID – the title. SOURCE ID Bass, M. (2005, October 23). The art of APA citation. Please note: APA uses SENTENCE STYLE capitalization for article titles. Only the first word, acronyms, and proper nouns are capitalized. The title is neither italicized or in quotation marks. It is written like a sentence.

58. Formatting You will then include information on the periodical itself, including the location of the information. Please note: the title of the magazine or book will be in italics. If there is a volume number, it too will be italicized. The page number information is not. Bass, M. (2005, October 23). The art of APA citation. Literature Today, 24, 138.

59. Formatting And there you have it… the basic building blocks of a reference page entry. Remember – It is best to consult online sources or a personal reference guide for this information because the types of circumstances for reference page entries will vary GREATLY. Bass, M. (2005, October 23). The art of APA citation. Literature Today, 24, 138.

60. Parting Words… Before we go…a few style guidelines concerning your actual reference page. References Bass, M. (2005, October 23). The art of APA citation. Literature Today, 24, 138. The title should be two spaces above the first entry and centered aligned.

61. Parting Words… Concerning the alignment of your entries… Bass, M. (2005, October 23). The art of APA citation. Literature Today, 24, 138. Your entries should be LEFT ALIGNED and double spaced. The first line should rest on the margin. All following lines should be indented. This is called a hanging indent.

62. Parting Words… Concerning list order: Bass, M. (2005, October 23). The art of APA citation. Literature Today, 24, 138. Dennison, C. (2002). APA citation at its best. Chronicle of Writing, 19, 24. Entries should be listed in alphabetical order, by author last name.

63. Parting Words… Concerning punctuation: Bass, M. (2005). The art of APA citation. Literature Today, 24, 138. Dennison, C. (2002). APA citation at its best. Chronicle of Writing, 19, 24. Articles have a period after them. Journals have a comma. There must be a period at the end of your citation. Refer to examples to double-check your work. APA takes practice!

64. Basic Reference Page Entries Books APA Last Name, FI. (year). Title. Place: Publisher. Tannen, D. (2002). Gender communication. New York: McGraw & Hill

65. PRACTICE Book: Stiff: The Curious Lives of Cadavers, written by Mary Roach & published in 2003 by W. W. Norton & Co. of New York, New York APA

66. APA Practice, Book Roach, M. (2003). The curious lives of cadavers. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.

67. Basic Reference Page Entries Journal Articles APA Last name, FI. (date). Title of article. Journal, vol(no), pages. Tannen, D. (2002). Gender communication. Contemporary Linguistics, 41(2), 134-56.

68. APA PRACTICE, Journal Article Article: in the journal Medical History in 1994 (volume 38), W. F. Richardson & J. B. Carman published “On Translating Vesalius”. p 281-302

69. APA Practice, Journal Article Carman, J.B. & Richardson W.B. (1994). On translating Vesalius. Medical History. 38, 281-302.

70. Congratulations! You have completed a crash course on the basics of APA citation.

71. Unit 7 In unit 7, we will: Discuss strategies for creating a draft from the Unit 5 outline. Work with transitions. In unit 7, we will: Discuss strategies for creating a draft from the Unit 5 outline. Work with transitions.