1. Professional Nursing Practice Concepts and Perspectives
Seventh Edition
Chapter 3
Historical Foundations of Professional Nursing

2. Learning Objectives
3.1 Discuss the historical development of nursing from ancient times to the present. 3.2 Discuss the role of religion in the development of nursing. 3.3 Discuss the influence of war on the development of nursing. 3.4 Describe contributions of selected nurses to nursing and society. 3.5 Analyze the contributions of selected nurses and the nursing profession to society from a historical perspective. 3.6 Compare and contrast the history of nursing and the history of caring. 3.7 Discuss the development of professional nursing organizations and their role in advocating for nurses and health care.

3. Hallmark Features
A focus on foundational knowledge related to professional nursing
Includes nursing history, nursing theory, ethics, and legal aspects, etc.
An overview of professional nursing roles, issues, and changes in the profession
Discusses nurses as healthcare providers, learners and teachers, and leaders

4. Challenges and Opportunities
As curricula expanded in nursing education, nursing history was eliminated from courses
Continue leadership within the profession
Opportunity to use experience and lessons learned to create the future
Opportunity to celebrate accomplishments, take pride in the past, and carry the best of the past into the future

5. Learning Objective 3.1
Discuss the historical development of nursing from ancient times to the present.

6. Nursing in History Primitive societies
Traditional female roles included care and nurturing of others

7. Nursing in History Ancient civilizations Midwives, wet nurses
Belief about disease imbedded in superstition and magic
Earliest recording of healing practice is a 4,000-year- old clay tablet
Earliest documentation of law governing medicine is Code of Hammurabi dating to 1900 B.C.

8. Nursing in History Egyptian culture Hebrew culture Christian culture
Ebers papyrus: oldest medical text, approximately from B.C.
Mummification or embalming
Hebrew culture
Mosiac Health Code
Christian culture
The Bible mentions nurses in Old Testament

9. Nursing in History African culture Indian culture Chinese culture
Midwives, herbalists, wet nurses, caregivers
Indian culture
Male nurses
Chinese culture
Acupuncture
Herbal remedies

10. Nursing in History Greek culture Roman culture Mythology
Hippocrates, father of medicine
Roman culture
Public sanitation

11. Learning Objective 3.2
Discuss the role of religion in the development of nursing.

12. Nursing in History Role of religion Benevolence as a Christian value
Parabolani Brotherhood
Knighthoods
Knights Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalam
Teutonic Knights
Knights of Lazarus
Specialized institutions supported by the church

13. Nursing in History Other groups Military and secular orders
Islamic women
Sisters of Charity
Deaconess groups

14. Learning Objective 3.3
Discuss the influence of war on the development of nursing.

15. Development of Modern Nursing
Deaconess Institute at Kaiserwerth, Germany
Recognized the need for services of women in caring for the sick, poor, children, and female prisoners
Developed a training school for nurses
Deaconess movement spread to four continents

16. Development of Modern Nursing
Florence Nightingale
Kaiserwerth pupil
Recruited during the Crimean War to care for soldiers
Transformed the environment by setting standards
Used her honorarium to develop the Nightingale Training School for Nurses

17. Development of Nursing in the Americas
Augustinian Sisters – first hospital in Canada, 1639
Sisters of Charity of St. Joseph’s in Maryland – Mother Elizabeth Seton
Religious orders developed nursing education and nursing services
Catholic and Protestant churches developed hospitals across the country

18. Learning Objective 3.4
Describe contributions of selected nurses to nursing and society.

19. Development of Nursing in the Americas
Related to the need to care for sick and injured soldiers
Civil War
Dorothea Dix
Louisa May Alcott
Harriet Tubman
Sojourner Truth

20. Development of Nursing in the Americas
Related to the need to care for sick and injured soldiers
World War I
Vassar Training Camp combined university and hospital training – Isabel Stewart
Army School of Nursing – Annie Goodrich
World War II
U.S. Cadet Nurse Corps

21. Development of Nursing in the Americas
1903: North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Virginia enacted voluntary licensure laws
Regulated the use of the title registered nurse (RN)
1915: American Nurses Association draft of a model nurse practice act
1923: All 48 states had nursing licensure laws or registration

22. Development of Nursing in America
1935: Mandatory licensure act passed in New York that went into effect in 1949
1971: Idaho became the first state to recognize advanced practice
1992: Eddie Bernice Johnson was the first nurse to be elected to the U.S. House of Representatives

23. Learning Objective 3.5
Analyze the contributions of selected nurses and the nursing profession to society from a historical perspective.

24. Historical Leaders in Nursing
The founders
Rufaidah
Jeanne Mance
Florence Nightingale
Mary Seacole
Clara Barton
Lucy Osborne
Linda (Melinda) Richards

25. Historical Leaders in Nursing
The founders
Mary Mahoney
Cecilia Makiwane
Lillian Wald
Mary Breckinridge
Martha Minerva Franklin
Loretta C. Ford
Faye G. Abdellah

26. Historical Leaders in Nursing
The men
John Ciudad
St. Camillus de Lellis
James Derham
Walt Whitman
Luther Christman
Russell E. Tranbarger
Richard Henry Carmona

27. Historical Leaders in Nursing
The risk takers
Clara Maass
Edith Cavell
Sharon Lane
Barbara Fassbinder

28. Historical Leaders in Nursing
The social reformers
Sojourner Truth
Dorothea Lynde Dix
Harriet Tubman
Lavinia Dock
Margaret Sanger
Mabel Staupers
Susie Walking Bear Yellowtail
Mary Elizabeth Carnegie

29. Learning Objective 3.6
Compare and contrast the history of nursing and the history of caring.

30. Nursing: A History of Caring
The modern idea of nursing is caring for and caring about others
Symbiotic relationship between the history of
Nursing
Caring
Women

31. Learning Objective 3.7
Discuss the development of professional nursing organizations and their role in advocating for nurses and health care.

32. Professional Nursing Organizations
Nursing organizations are divided into three types
Those that represent all nurses
Those that meet the needs of nurses within specialties
Those that represent special interests

33. Professional Nursing Organizations
American Nurses Association (ANA)
National professional organization for all registered nurses in the United States
Headquarters – Washington, D.C.
The name Nurses Associated Alumnae was changed to ANA in 1911
Nurses can participate through their state nurses’ associations or as individual members

34. Professional Nursing Organizations
American Nurses Association (ANA)
Mission: To advance the nursing profession to improve health for all
Official publications: American Nurse, American Nurse Today, OJIN: Online Journal of Issues in Nursing

35. Professional Nursing Organizations
National Student Nurses’ Association (NSNA)
Established in 1952
Mission: To mentor students preparing for initial licensure as registered nurses, and to convey the standards, ethics, and skills that students will need as responsible and accountable leaders and members of the profession
Official publication: Imprint

36. Professional Nursing Organizations
National League for Nursing (NLN)
Mission: To promote excellence in nursing education to build a strong and diverse nursing workforce
Began in 1893 as part of the American Society of Superintendents of Training Schools for Nurses

37. Professional Nursing Organizations
National League for Nursing (NLN)
Affiliate of NLN, National League for Nursing Accrediting Commission (NLNAC) serves as national accreditation body
Official publication: Nursing Education Perspectives

38. Professional Nursing Organizations
American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN)
National voice for baccalaureate and higher-degree nursing education programs
Official publication: Journal of Professional Nursing

39. Professional Nursing Organizations
Canadian Nurses Association
Formed in 1908 as the Canadian National Association of Trained Nurses (CNATN)
Change to CNA in 1924
Mission: To serve as national voice of registered nurses in Canada

40. Professional Nursing Organizations
International Council of Nurses (ICN)
Founded in 1899 as the world’s first and widest international organization for health professionals
Mission: To represent nursing worldwide, advancing the profession and influencing health policy

41. Professional Nursing Organizations
International Council of Nurses (ICN)
Five core values of ICN
Visionary leadership
Inclusiveness
Innovativeness
Partnership
Transparency
Official publication: International Nursing Review

42. Professional Nursing Organizations
Sigma Theta Tau International (STTI)
Founded in 1922 as an international honor society for nursing
Member of the Association of College Honor Societies

43. Professional Nursing Organizations
Sigma Theta Tau International (STTI)
Mission: To support learning, knowledge, and professional development of nurses committed to make a difference in health worldwide
Official publication: Journal of Nursing Scholarship

44. Professional Nursing Organizations
Specialty nursing organizations
Represent special interests of nurses in clinical specialty areas
Provide educational opportunities for members
Special-interest organizations
Address special needs of nurses of specific ethnic groups or other special interests