2. Engineering Geological Applications in war is called Military Geology

3. The branch of geology that analyze the geological terrains and studies the hydrogeological conditions from the point of view of the requirements of engineering support for troop combat actions The basic analysis of terrain for: Assessing the movement of troops and vehicles Finding construction materials Locating access routes Analyzing slope stability and rock excavation characteristics Mapping surface and subsurface hydrology

4. During World War I (1914-18) military geological service to the armies became extensive and systematic. In the English, American, German, and Austro-Hungarian armies special military geology services were formed, whereas in the Russian, French, and certain other armies civilian geologists and scientific research establishments were involved in solving geological questions in the theaters of war.

5.  During the course of World War II (1939- 45), the need to study the geology of the terrain rose significantly and the preparation of special geological and hydrogeological maps became widespread. These maps were used extensively for such military purposes. Military geological services were formed in virtually all the armies of the warring countries.

6.  During the Gulf War (1990-1991) the need to analyze the terrain and understand the geologic and geomorphologic conditions and the groundwater resources in Kuwait were vital issues for the troops.

7. Napoleon included two geologists in his forces during his invasion of Egypt in 1798. During World War I, the US Military Geologists working in France compiled the first “Engineering Geological Map”. During World War II, the USGS established a Military Geology Unit in 1942. By the end of World War II, the USGS employed more than 250 geologists and other professionals.

8. The movement of troops can be hindered by topography and soil conditions. Bedrock type and strength are important factors in construction of fortifications. The availability of groundwater supplies can control the location of military installations. The mountainous terrains can offer cover to guerilla forces or small group of operatives. The location of natural aggregate can help remediation activities

9. Trafficability (ease with which a landscape can be traversed by troops). Survivability or penetrability of fortifications and facilities specially those constructed Underground Potable water supply

10. Physical, chemical and biological soil forming process Sabkha soil Wind blown sand Topography Cliffs Deep gorges Meteorological conditions Rain season (frequency and amount) Dust storms Sources of aggregate

11. Rock type and rock mass strength Sustain fortified works Resist conventional attacks Select weapon of attack on enemy

12. Surface water Is not recommended for possible sabotage Groundwater Presence of aquifers Depth to water level Water quality

13. Recommend the possible locations of various fortified works, airfields, military roads and bridges, and other structures Evaluate the cross-country mobility Evaluate the passability of the terrain for the different combat arms Search for potable groundwater supplies Explore for construction materials In General Perform Terrain analysis and special purpose engineering geological investigations

14. British colonial army was defeated in 1842 USSR was defeated in the 1980s USA troops are having hard time since 2001

15. The mountains east of Afghanistan consist mainly of cavernous limestone and sandstone. Natural and man made caverns, tunnels and caves as deep as few hundred meters were used by the Al Qa’ida troops. Al Qa’ida forces used these caverns, tunnels and caves to store munitions, food and even vehicles such as tanks in large caverns. Also tapping local potable groundwater. The situation is suitable for guerilla war.

17. Projectiles have the ability to penetrate to 30m below ground and through 6m of solid rock Therefore the vulnerability of an underground military facility will depend on: Depth of facility below ground level Type of material above the facility Rock mass strength Surface layer penetrability of the weapon

19. Oil pollution The presence of hundred thousand troops with different types and sizes of vehicles can be a cause of extensive oil pollution. Changes in geomorphic feature The destruction of the gravel shield above the sand sheets changes the mobility of the loose sand layer.

22. Landscape reconstruction Soil contamination treatment

23. A sound terrain analysis and a special purpose engineering geological investigations are integral parts of successful campaign planning and execution. Never go to war without your geologists.

24. GeMilo 2013: International Conference of Military Geosciences, June 2013, Aviemore, Scotland DGI 2015: Defence Geospatial Intelligence Conference (DGI) January, 2015, London, United Kingdom MilGeo is active since 1994 and publishes a book for every conference

25. Thank You