1. Mexico A Proud Nation, A Turbulent Past, A Promising Tomorrow

2. 756,000 sq.mi. (approx. 3X the size of Texas) 122 million population (60% Mestizo (Amerindian- Spanish) –30% Amerindian –89% Roman Catholic Urban pop.= 74% GNP -$16,400 –2000 = $3680, –growth =6.9%, 2001 = -.3% GDP/cap = $10,300 (US=$43.5K) Unemployment = 3% Poverty =40%

3. Historical Eras 1200-1300 -- Aztec empire gains power –Tenochtitlan is capital, Montezuma rules 1502-1520 1500 B.C.E.- 1200 A.D. – Mayan culture thrives & spreads 1519-1546 and later -- Spanish Conquistadors dominate and enslave millions following leaders Pizarro & Cortes.

4. Historical Events 1810-1821 War of Independence vs. Spain 1850 - France’s Napoleon III places governor in Mexico 1862 – Cinco de Mayo victory over the French/Mexican Army 1876-1911 Porfirio Diaz is Dictator 1910-1921 The Mexican Revolution –Pancho Villa, Zapata, Cardenas emerge as leaders PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party) is formed and takes power in 1929, not to lose it until 2000. 1994 A Turning Point for Mexico –Colosio assassinated –NAFTA is in effect –Uprising in Chiapas

5. Miguel Hidalgo -priest and revolutionary who led peasant rebellion against the Spanish army and won for 7 years. (1810-1817) Mexican Revolutionary war hero Emiliano Zapata, father of the agricultural reform.

6. Revolutionary Bandit Pancho Villa, Outlaw and Hero to the Mexican rebels Lazaro Cardenas – pres. (1934-40). –expropriated foreign-held properties (nationalized oil = PEMEX –distributed land to peasants – instituted reforms to benefit indigenous peoples & workers. –Allowed labor unions and unionized farms to form

7. Population Issues Mexico City is one of the most densely populated metropolitan areas in the world, currently home to over 26 million people, spread over 1160 mi.sq., at an altitude of 7100 ft.

8. #28 is the Southern Mexican State of Chiapas, occupied by Mestizo (called “Ladinos” there) and Amerindians of Mayan descent

9. January 1, 1994, EZLN - Zapatista rebels attack several cities in Chiapas, battle the Mexican army for 12 days before a cease-fire. purpose of this war - to draw attention to gross injustices under which the Mayan population lives. –Until 1974, the Chiapas State constitution: all Indians had to dress in their native costumes or trajes and that if a ladino passed on the sidewalk, the Indian had to walk in the street.

10. Working 8 to 10 hours each day & ideal because of their small size, children between 9 & 14 years constitute the majority of the mining workforce For the chance to obtain multiple bronchial ailments, these children receive $2/day.

11. Agriculture & Economy Primary exports include: corn, beans, feed grains, fruit, coffee, sugar cane, beef cattle, cotton textiles. 1917 Constitution established goal of land distribution… –Goal of establishing “safe subsistence livelihood farming” –Smaller farms are riskier/ less attractive to outside investors Currently 5 million farmers. 65% subsidized by PROCAMPO policy Other exports: motor vehicle parts, electronic equipment, oil, oil, & oil. Oil accounts for 33% of GDP, 62% of all exports. State owned Pemex is a “constitutionally-established monopoly”. How much oil are we talking about? Let’s see...

12. Petroleum Production 2014 EIA #’s for net imported crude oil to U.S. per day from: –Saudi Arabia 1,172 barrels –Canada3,236 bbl –Venezuela790 bbl –Nigeria1038 bbl –Iraq 362 bbl Mexico858 BARRELS!!! –(For those who hate math, that puts them second only to the Cheeseheads!) –(oh, by the way, those figures are x 1,000) –(Ouch!) Still they suffer a $5 billion trade deficit. Why? state subsidies and incentive programs cost money... And unirrigated land is too risky with el nino/la nina hanging around…

13. Oil production (2014) 1)United States 12.481)United States 12.48 2)Saudi Arabia 11.62)Saudi Arabia 11.6 3)URF10.73)URF10.7 4)China 4.354)China 4.35 5)Canada 4.35)Canada 4.3 6)UAE 3.56)UAE 3.5 7)Iran3.457)Iran3.45 8)Iraq3.258)Iraq3.25 Mexico2.9Mexico2.9

14. NAFTA (The 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement) & Mexico Today 66% of all Mexico’s trade $ come from the U.S. An increasing amount comes from Canada (2008 = 14%) Complaints from the U.S. are declining, while those from Canada are increasing. “Pollution Havens” primary U.S. issue. -1983 La Paz Accord promised to discourage hazardous waste imports/dumping in Mexico -Mexican maquiladoras are responsible for much waste -Mexico wishes the U.S. to pay for cleanup and waste-handling sites

15. Mexico Today Political parties: Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), National Action Party (PAN), Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD), Green Ecological Party (PVEM), Labor Party (PT), and several small parties. A stable and politically balanced government elected in one of the freest and fairest elections in Mexico’s history. (coalition headed by PAN) 23% increase in education spending from 1994-2000, education represents 27% of the budget (Washington State 2001 = 51%) Growing industry & foreign direct investment (#1 in the world) 10 th largest producer of petroleum in the world. Social-reform minded president who is active in every state. Strong voice in WTO and “effective partner” to the EU = Mexico has earned a seat in the world arena and may be on its way to a position of global leadership.

16. AAARGH!!NOT HOMEWORK!!! For Wednesday: Find one current article (no more than 15 days old) that refers to any of the topics brought up in this presentation on Mexico. You will called on randomly to discuss it. P.S. – you can’t use the recent earthquake, we’re covering that later this week … Sorry about that.

17. Thank you for paying attention…