1. The Red Scare Chapter 22 Lesson 3 & 4

2. The First Red Scare The first Red Scare occurred shortly after the end of World War I. The nation faced social and economic upheaval as soldiers returned from battle to a changed American society. The scare targeted immigrants, radicals, and labor leaders. The U.S. government deported many people believed to be anarchists or other radicals. No evidence was found to support most of the accusations made during the first Red Scare. However, the influence of leftist movements such as socialism and labor declined as a result of the scare.

3. The Second Red Scare The New Scare In 1945 a defecting Russian presented evidence of Soviet espionage in the United States and Canada to acquire plans for the atomic bomb. Truman Loyalty Review Program President Truman began screening federal employees in 1947 to determine if they were loyal to the United States. Of the roughly 14,000 people investigated, about 2,000 quit and an additional 212 were fired. HUAC FBI director J. Edgar Hoover urged the House Un-American Activities Committee, or HUAC, to step up investigations of suspected Communists and Communist sympathizers. Trials and Accusations HUAC held many high-profile trials. It investigated suspected Communists in Hollywood, leading to an infamous blacklist. The trial of diplomat Alger Hiss resulted in a conviction for perjury. The controversial trial of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg( members of the Communist party) led to their executions for espionage. The Rosenbergs denied the charges, but the evidence of Project Venona indicated that they probably had been spies for the Soviet Union.

4. McCarthyism McCarran Act Made it illegal to set up a totalitarian government in the United States. Prevented Communists from having passports and allowed them to be arrested and detained. Truman vetoed the bill, Congress overrode his veto and it became law. Senator Joseph McCarthy Little-known senator from Wisconsin made allegations that Communists had infiltrated the State Department Accused prominent people of Communist leanings. Made vague accusations based on little or no evidence. Made headlines and intimidated witnesses, but some accused him of conducting witch hunts rather than investigations. Army lawyer Joseph Welch confronted McCarthy over his tactics, asking, “Have you no sense of decency, sir?” The Senate later censured (formally disapproved) McCarthy, and his influence waned.

5. Life During the Early Cold War "Duck and Cover" In 1953 the Soviets successfully tested a hydrogen bomb. Americans became even more concerned about the possibility of a nuclear attack. Schoolchildren learned to "duck and cover" to protect themselves in the event of an attack. Popular Culture The Cold War became part of movies, televisions shows, books, and music. Titles and themes reflected the fears and issues of the day.

6. Fallout Shelters built due to fear of poisoning and radiation from nuclear fallout. designed to help people survive the explosion and prevent exposure to the radiation that would linger after a nuclear exchange. Stocked with canned goods bottled water other necessities books & board games portable radio for news bulletins announcing that the deadly radiation was "all clear" and it was safe to venture outside again.

7. Rise and Spread of Communism The Russian Revolution In 1917 people of the Russian Empire overthrew Czar Nicholas II and formed a weak provisional democratic government. November of that year, a second revolution, led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin, established a Communist state. Rise of Stalin Lenin died in 1924. Joseph Stalin became new dictator of the Soviet Union. Immediately began a campaign of terror against his own people that would last for the next 29 years Iron Curtain In May 1945, after the death of Adolf Hitler, Stalin’s USSR imposed Communist rule across Eastern Europe. As Churchill famously stated, “An Iron Curtain has descended across the continent.” Warsaw Pact 1955 response to the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Soviet Union & eight Communist puppet regimes signed the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance. This alliance became known as the Warsaw Pact.

8. U.S. Foreign Policy Under Eisenhower Eisenhower’s Policies After his election in 1952, Eisenhower sought to balance military and economic strength to guard against Cold War threats. Massive Retaliation Eisenhower believed that nuclear weapons offer the most “bang for the buck.” He developed a policy of threatening to use nuclear weapons to prevent war. This policy was known as massive retaliation. Brinkmanship Critics complained that Eisenhower’s policy brought the nation too close to war and was dangerous. They called it brinkmanship because it showed the country’s willingness to go to the brink of war. Eisenhower threatens war With China when they began shelling democratic Taiwan. With Egypt when they seized control of the Suez Canal. The situation intensified when Britain and France invaded Egypt. Ultimately, war was prevented, but the Soviets gained influence in the Middle East.

9. Covert Operations Importance of the CIA Eisenhower also relied on covert operations conducted by the CIA to deter communism. These typically took place in developing nations, and sometimes involved the overthrow of anti-American leaders. Iran and Guatemala The CIA helped force Iranian Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadegh out of power in 1953. The next year, it trained and armed forces that opposed Guatemalan president Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán. These forces invaded Guatemala, and Arbenz Guzmán left office. Eastern Europe In 1956, the CIA encouraged dissent among Communist Eastern European nations by distributing copies of a secret letter by Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev. As a result, an uprising began in Hungary that was crushed by Soviet forces.

10. Covert Operations (con’t) Eisenhower Doctrine Due to increasing Egyptian and Arab ties to the Soviet Union the Truman Doctrine and the policy of containment were extended. Sputnik The Soviet Union launched the Sputnik satellite in 1957, which Soviets saw as proof of their superiority. A Failed Summit Eisenhower and Khrushchev planned to hold a summit in Paris in 1960. However, the Soviets shot down a U.S. spy plane over the Soviet Union shortly before the scheduled summit, and Khrushchev cancelled the meeting.