2. APUSH Chapter 4/10

3. King Cotton / Slave Trade Pages 310-321 Southern EconomySouthern Economy –Issues Cotton’s RelationshipsCotton’s Relationships –Slavery –Expansion –Southern Society Slave TradeSlave Trade

4. Characteristics of the Antebellum South 1.Primarily agrarian. 2.Economic power shifted from the “upper South” to the “lower South.” 3.“Cotton Is King!” * 1860--> 5 mil. bales a yr. (57% of total US exports). 4.Very slow development of industrialization. 5.Undeveloped financial system. 6.Inadequate transportation system.

5. Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791 Actually invented by a slave!

6. Impact of the Cotton Gin Transforms work of slaves from cleaning cotton to fieldhandsTransforms work of slaves from cleaning cotton to fieldhands Combination of spinning machines and cotton gin increases need for additional slavesCombination of spinning machines and cotton gin increases need for additional slaves 1800 – Slaves = 1 mil1800 – Slaves = 1 mil 1860 – Slaves = 4 mil1860 – Slaves = 4 mil

7. Graniteville Textile Co. Founded in 1845, it was the South’s first attempt at industrialization in Richmond, VA

8. Southern Agriculture

9. Changes in Cotton Production 1820 1860

10. Value of Cotton Exports As % of All US Exports

12. “Peculiar Institution” Southern term for slavery – an unusual or unique institutionSouthern term for slavery – an unusual or unique institution Why not call it slavery?Why not call it slavery?

13. Slave-Owning Population (1850)

14. Slave-Owning Families (1850) The majority of Southern families do not own slaves!!!

15. Slave Auction Notice, 1823

16. Slave Auction: Charleston, SC-1856

17. The Ledger of John White J Matilda Selby, 9, $400.00 sold to Mr. Covington, St. Louis, $425.00 J Brooks Selby, 19, $750.00 Left at Home – Crazy J Fred McAfee, 22, $800.00 Sold to Pepidal, Donaldsonville, $1200.00 J Howard Barnett, 25, $750.00 Ran away. Sold out of jail, $540.00 J Harriett Barnett, 17, $550.00 Sold to Davenport and Jones, Lafourche, $900.00

18. Slave Master Brands Slave Accessories Slave muzzle

19. Anti-Slave Pamphlet

20. Slave tag, SC Slave Accessories Slave leg irons Slave shoes

22. Slaves Picking Cotton on a Mississippi Plantation

23. Slaves Using the Cotton Gin

24. Slaves posing in front of their cabin on a Southern plantation.

25. Tara – Plantation Reality or Myth? Hollywood’s Version?

26. A Real Mammie & Her Charge

27. A Real Georgia Plantation

28. The Southern “Belle”

29. A Slave Family

30. The Culture of Slavery 1.Black Christianity [Baptists or Methodists]: * more emotional worship services. * negro spirituals. 2.“Pidgin” or Gullah languages. 3.Nuclear family with extended kin links, where possible. Fictive kin (brother, sister, uncle, aunt, etc.) 4.Importance of music in their lives. [esp. spirituals].

31. Slavery Was Less Efficient in the U. S. than Elsewhere J High cost of keeping slaves from escaping. J GOAL --> raise the “exit cost.” u Slave patrols. u Southern Black Codes. u Cut off a toe or a foot or ‘hobble’.

32. Slave Resistance 1.“SAMBO” pattern of behavior used as a charade in front of whites [the innocent, laughing black man caricature – bulging eyes, thick lips, big smile, etc.].

33. Slave Resistance 2.Refusal to work hard. 3.Isolated acts of sabotage. 4.Escape via the Underground Railroad.

34. Harriet Tubman After escaping in 1849,After escaping in 1849, she returned 19 times to lead hundreds of slaves to freedom Civil War – nurse, scout, cook, and spyCivil War – nurse, scout, cook, and spy

35. Harriet Tubman “There’s two things I got a right to…and these things are Death and Liberty. One or the other I mean to have.”

36. Leading Escaping Slaves Along the Underground Railroad

37. The Underground Railroad

38. Runaway Slave Ads

39. Quilt Patterns as Secret Messages The Monkey Wrench pattern, on the left, alerted escapees to gather up tools and prepare to flee; the Drunkard Path design, on the right, warned escapees not to follow a straight route.

40. Slave Rebellions Throughout the Americas

41. Slave Rebellions in the Antebellum South 1822 Gabriel Prosser 1800

42. Black Codes New legislation further restricting the rights of both enslaved people and free blacks.New legislation further restricting the rights of both enslaved people and free blacks. The legislature made it illegal for slaves to preach, to be “insolent” to white people, to carry a gun, to hunt in the woods, to cohabitate with a free black or white person, to own any type of livestock.The legislature made it illegal for slaves to preach, to be “insolent” to white people, to carry a gun, to hunt in the woods, to cohabitate with a free black or white person, to own any type of livestock. These new codes also forbade white people from teaching an enslaved person to read.These new codes also forbade white people from teaching an enslaved person to read.

43. Southern Social Structure / Defense of Slavery Pages 328-340 Southern Social StructureSouthern Social Structure –Role of the Planter Elite Proslavery ArgumentsProslavery Arguments

44. Southern Society (1850) “Slavocracy” [plantation owners] The “Plain Folk” [white yeoman farmers] 6,000,000 Black Freemen Black Slaves 3,200,000 250,000 Total US Population --> 23,000,000 [9,250,000 in the South = 40%]

45. Southern Population (1860)

46. This 1841 proslavery cartoon contrasts healthy, well-cared-for African American slaves with unemployed British factory workers living in desperate poverty. The comparison between contented southern slaves and miserable northern “wage slaves” was frequently made by proslavery advocates. SOURCE:Library of Congress.

47. Southern Pro-Slavery Propaganda

48. The Bible as a Defense? ‘He hath made everything beautiful in its season’ and showed how all the orders and distinctions in society came from God, and that if it was so appropriate and beautiful, that some should be high and some low, and that some were born to rule and some to serve. The pastor applied it so well to all this ridiculous fuss that is made about slavery, and he proved distinctly that the Bible was on our side, and supported all our institutions so convincingly.‘He hath made everything beautiful in its season’ and showed how all the orders and distinctions in society came from God, and that if it was so appropriate and beautiful, that some should be high and some low, and that some were born to rule and some to serve. The pastor applied it so well to all this ridiculous fuss that is made about slavery, and he proved distinctly that the Bible was on our side, and supported all our institutions so convincingly.

49. Southern Slavery--> An American Aberration? J 1780s: 1 st antislavery society created in Phila. J By 1804: slavery eliminated from last northern state. J 1807: the legal termination of the slave trade, enforced by the Royal Navy. J 1820s: newly indep. Republics of Central & So. America declared their slaves free. J 1833: slavery abolished throughout the British Empire. J 1844: slavery abolished in the Fr. colonies. J 1861: the serfs of Russia were emancipated.

50. Abolition / Women’s Rights Pages 442-448 Abolition MovementAbolition Movement –Ideas –Key Individuals –Tactics –Politics Women’s RightsWomen’s Rights –Issues –Actions

51. 2 nd Great Awakening Most significant movement in American religionMost significant movement in American religion - reorganization and creation of new denominations **-promotes social reform and improvements WHY? -fosters growth and involvement among lower socio-economic classes -widens societal splits (expands social classes) Rich vs. Poor churches and denominations

52. Impacts of the 2 nd Great Awakening Social Reform MovementsSocial Reform Movements –Temperance –Abolition –Women’s Rights –Prison reform –Education

53. Abolitionist Movement 1816  American Colonization Society created (gradual, voluntary emancipation. British Colonization Society symbol

54. Abolitionist Movement Create a free slave state in Liberia, West Africa. No real anti-slavery sentiment in the North in the 1820s & 1830s. GradualistsImmediatists

55. Anti-Slavery Alphabet

56. William Lloyd Garrison (1801-1879) eSlavery & Masonry undermined republican values. eImmediate emancipation with NO compensation. eSlavery was a moral, not an economic issue. R2-4

57. The Liberator Premiere issue  January 1, 1831 R2-5

58. The Tree of Slavery—Loaded with the Sum of All Villanies!

59. Other White Abolitionists Lewis Tappan Arthur Tappan James Birney eLiberty Party. eRan for President in 1840 & 1844.

60. Black Abolitionists David Walker (1785-1830) 1829  Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World Fight for freedom rather than wait to be set free by whites.

61. Frederick Douglass (1817-1895) 1845  The Narrative of the Life Of Frederick Douglass 1847  “The North Star” R2-12

62. Sojourner Truth (1787-1883) or Isabella Baumfree 1850  The Narrative of Sojourner Truth R2-10