2. Or a Tale of Two Wars

3. The polis or city-state was the central focus of Greek life. A strong identity and loyalty – kept the city-states divided

4. Cities The Acropolis of Athens

5. Athenian Values – Individuality – Beauty – Freedom Spartan Values  Strength  Duty  Discipline

7. A city of the wise

8. Where: City located on southern portion of the Greek peninsula, not on the Peloponnesus Known For: A city run by thinkers and known for both its military might and wisdom in government and battle Named After: Athena, goddess of wisdom in battle and counsel

9. Art & Beauty Values art and beauty above all Sculptures, buildings, keeping oneself beautiful very important Art: culture, sculpture, paintings, vases, poetry, theater- ALL very important

10. Schooling in Athens Athenian boys are tutored at home until age 6-7 Then sent to school for primary education until age 14 Schools were private but tuition was low enough that even the most poor Athendians could afford to send their sons to school for a few years

12. Boys are taught ball games while older boys are taught running, boxing and wrestling. All Athenian boys were expected to read heavily, because literature played a very important part in their education. The national epic poems, Homer's Illiad and Odyssey, were mandatory teaching in all Athenian elementary schools.

13. But What About the Girls ? Athenian girls were not officially schooled, They were allowed to learn in the privacy of their own homes, but as a result, most Athenian women had primarily domestic educations

14. New, democratic ideas emerge from Athenian culture and society: – Direct Democracy : Citizens elect their representatives – Public Debate : Becomes an art in Athens to discuss and argue specifics of government – Duties of the Citizen : All citizens have responsibilities such as voting, participating in the government process Government

15. Athenian Government Athens’ government frequently changed. The move towards democracy started with Solon He was an aristocrat who introduced democratic principles to Athenian government His laws gave all free adult males the right to participate in the assembly The assembly voted on new legislation and other major decisions

16. Pericles An aristocrat who brought democracy to its full measure He made it possible for the poor to still be politically active He asked for fees to be paid for those who served politically

17. Freedom to: Have a say in public business Live a private life without interferences Rise, by one’s own merits, from poverty and obscurity to renown and wealth Athenians used their freedom to freely: Obey the laws and authorities Refrain from injuring one another Display valor to defend their city

18. Practiced throughout Greece and in Athens Slaves usually barbarians (non- Greeks), typically captured in war. Others were born slaves or their free parents sold them into slavery for money.

19. Image Credit: Σταύρος Σταύρος

21. Citizens Perioikoi “Dwellers Around” Free Non-Citizens Helots

22. Map Credit: Jkan997Jkan997 “Most Spartan institutions have always been designed with a view to security against the Helots.” – Thucydides “Most Spartan institutions have always been designed with a view to security against the Helots.” – Thucydides Slaves (from Messenia )

23. Units of Social Organization GOVERNMENT FAMILY EDUCATION

24. L egendary L awgiver Bas-relief of Lycurgus, one of 23 great lawgivers depicted in the chamber of the U.S. House of Representatives Credited with the development of Spartan institutions.

25. Until I return…

27. MIXED Government STABLE Government Checks & Balances Separation of Powers

28. Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/SpartaGreatRhetra.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/SpartaGreatRhetra.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/SpartaGreatRhetra.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/SpartaGreatRhetra.png JUDICIAL Gerousia (28) JUDICIAL Gerousia (28) LEGISLATIVE Gerousia (28) Apella ( All ) LEGISLATIVE Gerousia (28) Apella ( All ) EXECUTIVE Kings (2) Ephors (5) EXECUTIVE Kings (2) Ephors (5)

29. BACK BICAMERAL

30. Gerousia (Upper House) 28 Members (Age 60+) Plus 2 Kings = 30 Aristocracy Gerontocracy Gerousia (Upper House) 28 Members (Age 60+) Plus 2 Kings = 30 Aristocracy Gerontocracy BACK

31. Apella (Lower House) All Spartan Citizens Debate Apella (Lower House) All Spartan Citizens Debate BACK

32. Ephors (5) One Year Terms Ephors (5) One Year Terms Kings (2) ARMY Commanders-in-Chief Diarchy BACK

33. “We swear to uphold the laws…” “ We swear to support the kings… as long as they uphold the laws.” “ We swear to support the kings… as long as they uphold the laws.” Kings (2) BACK

34. Gerousia (Supreme Court) 28 Members (Age 60+) Plus 2 Kings = 30 Aristocracy Gerontocracy Gerousia (Supreme Court) 28 Members (Age 60+) Plus 2 Kings = 30 Aristocracy Gerontocracy BACK

35. Spartan Education Physical training and fitness was considered to be an important part of a Spartan child’s education. Girls did not fight in wars but they took part in physical activities because Spartans believed fit and strong women would have healthy babies that would be good soldiers. Boys went to live at an army barracks at the age of 7. Horrible Histories – PT Conference

38. ALL Spartan citizens were professional soldiers. The lives of Spartan men were highly regimented from birth.

39. Screenshot from the movie, 300, accessed herehere Screenshot from the movie, 300, accessed herehere

41. Birth A Spartan mother presents her child to the elders for a birth inspection.

42. Age 7-20 Image Credit: http://www.moddb.com/mods/the-peloponnesian-wars/images/the-new-and-final-agoge http://www.moddb.com/mods/the-peloponnesian-wars/images/the-new-and-final-agoge All Spartan males were required to go through the agoge (raising), where they received 13 years of military training. “Raising”

43. Age 18-20 Image Credit: http://vixstar1314.wordpress.com/2011/05/18/and-so-night-falls/http://vixstar1314.wordpress.com/2011/05/18/and-so-night-falls/ The most talented Spartan youths were selected for service in the Krypteia, a secret, elite band charged with terrorizing the Helot population. SEDITION

44. Spartan Shield (hoplon) Note the Lambda for Laconia, the Spartan homeland Finally! At 21, the young Spartan male could take his place among the citizen hoplites...

45. …and get married.

46. Although they got married at 21, Spartan men lived in the barracks until age 30. NOT UNTIL YOU’RE 30!

47. “It is better to marry than to BURN WITH PASSION.” -- St. Paul

49. “A legal kiss is never as good as a stolen one.” -- Guy de Maupassant (19 th century French author)

50. The Spartan Woman Statue of a winner of the Heraia (footrace every four years to honor Hera)

51. The Spartan Woman On being quizzed by an Athenian woman, ‘Why is it that you Spartan women are the only ones who rule your men?’, she replied ‘Because we are the only women too who give birth to men.’ -- From Plutarch, Sayings of Spartan Women, quoted in Cartledge, The Spartans (125) Sayings of Spartan Women Statue of a winner of the Heraia (footrace every four years to honor Hera)

52. Spartan Women “‘For it was not by imitating other states, but by devising a system utterly different from that of most others, that he [Lycurgus] made his country prosperous…he insisted on physical training for the female no less than for the male sex: moreover, he instituted races and trials of strength for women competitors as for men, believing that if both parents are strong they produce more vigorous offspring…’” – (Xenophon, 4 th century B.C., Constitution of the Lacedaemonians http://people.uncw.edu/deagona/amazons/spartanwomen2.htm#Education

54. “There are no adulterers in Sparta.” -- ancient saying

55. With it…...or ON it!

56. CHILDBIRTH A Spartan Woman’s Glory

57. CHILDBIRTH A Spartan Woman’s Glory A Spartan woman would be buried with a gravestone if she died in childbirth (men had to die in battle).

58. Greek Women Compared AthenianSpartan EDUCATED? NOYES GYMNASTICS? NOYES HOUSEWORK? YESNO (Helots did this) Own Property in their own right? NOYES Short Skirts? NOYES

59. Wife Swap http://www.schooltube.com/video/f8836a3434a31a97579 b/HORRIBLE-HISTORIES-Wife-Swap-Spartans-and- Athenians http://www.schooltube.com/video/f8836a3434a31a97579 b/HORRIBLE-HISTORIES-Wife-Swap-Spartans-and- Athenians