1. Why do we Compare We compare to Learn –The only way to understand our political system is to compare it with others. Go to Roskin, read the box on Page 19 –What does this mean?

2. Powell says Quotes Tocqueville: “Without Comparisons to make the mind does not know how to proceed.” –How do we know we are comparing apples to apples?

3. We must compare We must compare to learn but what and how to compare? –Many different ways to do this, or at least many different systems, some complex, some simple, that lead to the same end. –Powell = Complex –Roskin = Simple

4. Roskin Simple Version End result is to highlight the question: “What do people fight about” to get to his end of comparison

5. Why this? If we know what a society or political system fights about we can tell much about them. –What is important to them? –Why is this important? –How are institutions manipulated to “win the fight” –Change over time?

6. Fights Look for Quarrels, Then ask: –Why –Long or short term –Look at cleavages –Study the fight But How?

7. Lets Start Impact of the Past Key Institutions Political Culture Then move to Patterns of Interaction What people fight about

8. Impact of the Past You must know a bit about the past to know the present. –Could you understand politics in the US while being unaware of slavery? Most people cant remember what they had for lunch, but ethnic divisions and hatreds are remembered forever (see Northern Ireland)

9. Impact of the Past Look to religion. –Does the history of religion impact Mexico? –How about Iran?

10. Key Institutions Political Institutions = An established web of power. –What are they: Governmental, political, social, elites, et.al. –How do they relate to each other? –How do they compete for power and goodies?

11. Political Culture What is the level of political participaton Who participates –What do they do? Legitimacy of government Ideology –Roskin does well on this, check his box Grand plan to make it all better They don’t deliver

12. Patterns of Interaction Who does what to whom? –This is political interaction Look for the patterns, then that can lead to generalizations, that lead to hypothesis and then to theory. –Government and military interaction –State and National Government Interaction –Union and legislature –Interest groups and bureaucracy

13. Interactions Who interacts? At what level? What groups? Why do they interact?

14. Powell Complicates this to death but you need to know his vocabulary as it is on the unit test and the AP Test. So (yes I know it is like grade school, sorry) look up the following terms and define them. (next slide)

15. Define Conceptual Framework Distribution Environment Extraction Globalization Hypotheses Inputs Interdependence Interest aggregation Interest articulation Intersubjective Outcomes Outputs Policy adjudication Policy implementation Policy level Political communication Political culture Political system Structural-functional approach System functions Variables

16. Variables: things that are subject to change Globalization:world becoming one big capitalist market conceptual framework:set of concepts Interdependance: a mutually relayance on one another Hypothosies: causualy explinations that have not yet been proven

17. Interest articulation: involves individuals and groups expressing their needs and demands Interest aggrigation: combines different demands into policy proposals backed by significant political resources Policy making: deciding which policy proposals become authoritative rules Policy implimentation: carry out and enforcing public policies

18. Policy adjudication: settling disputes about their apploication

19. 1) political culture: values and attitudes of citizens on politics and society Interest aggregation: combines different demands into policies Political system: the members of a social organization who are in power Globalization: growth to a global or worldwide scale Variable: not consistent or having a fixed pattern

20. Political communication: effects of communication through media and interpersonal within the political context Outputs: goods or services produced by government agencies Outcomes: the impacts on social economic or other indicators arising from the delivery of outputs

21. Intersubjectivity: involving or occurring between separate conscious minds

22. Political Culture: Values and attributes of citizens on politics and society. Outputs: the act of turning out; production; Intersubjective: comprehensible to relating to, Environment: setting Political system: a set of institutions and agencies concerned with formulating and implementing the collective goals of a society or group within it

23. between interdependent entities Political recruitment: selection of people for political activity and government offices`` Policy implementation- carrying out and enforcing public policies Policy adjudication- settling disputes about the application of these policies Interdependence: a reciprocal relation

24. Interest aggregation- The process by which a party brings together various viewpoints on an issue.